Internal crises, external dependence, and democratic stability and instability in the developing world: A comparative study of Brazil and India. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kabir, Bhuian Md. Monoar. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 16:26:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187384 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript ,has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. 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UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Bhuian Md. Monoar Kabir entitled Internal Crises, External Dependence, And Democratic Stability and Instability in The Developing ~'Jorld: A Comparative Study of Brazil and India and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of __Do_c_t_o_r __ o_f __ P_h_i_l_o_so~p~h~y __________________ __ EMJd'WJJ. • Date EdYla rd J. ~~i lli?~ ~-=-p ~(2.. Date Da vi d N. Gi bbs ...... _ A" 0 A~~(I~ Daniel J. QINel Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidatels submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my dir on and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation l 5 !/:ltDa e t 9 Edward J. Williams 8-21- 995 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank those who have actively encouraged and supported me in the process of writing this dissertation. My thanks go to professors Paul Buchanan, Helen Ingram and Alen Whiting from whom I learned much. Special thanks to Helen Ingram who helped me at a crucial moment. Let me express my gratitude to professor Talukder Maniruzzaman for his contribution to my academic career. Professors David Gibbs and Daniel O'Neil, members of my dissertation committee, carefully read the dissertation and advised me. I thank both of them for serving on my committee. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep regards and respect for the late Edward Muller who served as a member of my preliminary committee and as a co-chair of my dissertation committee until his unfortunate and premature death. I am indebted to him for kindling my interest in the topic. My deepest regards and gratitude is to professor Edward Williams, my mentor and major advisor. He has helped me in so many ways that it would be useless to try to list them all here. Without his support, encouragement and help, this work would have never been done. I consider myself fortunate to know and be able to work with such a nice and caring person like professor Williams. My thanks and love to my wife, Anu, herself a political scientist, for the so many things she has done for me. I express my love for my son, Dhrubo, a four-year old who had to miss his father in the last few months. This list will not be complete without mentioning the support, cooperation, encouragement from my parents, brother and sister. This dissertation itself is an expression of my deepest love and regard for my parents. I dedicate it to my parents. I wish my father who spent his whole life for his children's and others' education lived three more years to see this work. 5 Dedication To my Parents 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Numbers LIST OF TABLES ........................................ 11-13 CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDy ............ 15-38 Defining Democracy ................................ 19-21 The Cases -- Brazil and India. .. 21-36 Method ............................................ 36-38 Organization ......................................... 38 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE PROPOSITIONS ................ 39-79 The Economic Perspectives ......................... 39-46 Dependency Perspectives ........................... 46-56 Civil-Military Relations Perspectives ............. 57-62 A Multi-Causal Explanation of Internal- External Interactions ............................. 62-64 Propositions of the Study ......................... 64-67 Proposition I: ................................... 65 Proposition II: ............................... 65-66 Proposition III: .............................. 66-67 Propositions -- Discussion and Analysis ........... 68-76 Variables and Data Collection ..................... 76-79 Variable I: ...................................... 76 Variable I I: ..................................... 77 Variable III: ................................. 77-79 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued CHAPTER 3 EXPLAINING DEMOCRATIC BREAKDOWN IN BRAZIL ............ 80-201 Section 1. Economic Development, Crises, Dependence and Democratic Breakdown .......................... 82-83 Brazilian Economic Development -- A Brief Overview .............................. 83-85 Post-War Developmental Ideologies and Brazil's Developmental Policies 85-88 Industrialization, Macro-Economic Problems, and Policy Making Dilemma ..................... 88-96 Dealing With Macro-Economic Problems -- policy Makers' Dilemma ........................ 97-103 Goulart and Stabilization -- Internal and External Forces, and the Failure of the Plano ......... 103-114 Section 2. Political Institutions, Counter-Hegemonic Forces, and the Collapse of the Brazilian Democracy ........................................ 115-117 The Post-War Polity -- Political Control to Hegemonic Crises .......................... 117-128 Fragmented Polity, Social Change, and Political Polarization and Radicalization .............. 128-140 Agrarian Reform Efforts -- Highlights of a Polarized and Radicalized polity ............. 140-150 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued Polarization, Radicalization, and Failure of Conciliatory Politics ..................... 150-153 Section 3. Civil-Military Relations, Geo-Political Dependence and the Democratic breakdown in Brazil .... 154 US-Brazilian Relations -- Impacts on Democratic Breakdown ......................... 154-165 Goulart, "Another Cuba", and Destabilization. 165-177 Brazilian Military and Military Politics ..... 177-187 US-Brazilian Military Relations, Cold War, and Ideological Continuity and Change ............ 188-196 Conclusion 197-201 CHAPTER 4 EXPLAINING DEMOCRATIC STABILITY IN INDIA ............. 202-345 Section 1. Economic Development, Crises, Dependence, and Democratic Stability ......................... 203-204 Choosing A Development Model -- lSI and "Socialism" .................................. 204-211 State-Led lSI and the Performance of the Indian Economy 211-219 Development, Fiscal Deficit, Balance of Payments, and Aid Dependence ..........................