Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 12, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2010 Studies Reserves on Operations Major-General Dennis Tabbernor, D.C., CMM, CD Introduction Ladies and gentlemen: First of all, on behalf of the chief of defence staff, General Walter Natynczyk, I’d like to welcome you and thank Doctor David Bercuson and his staff, for organizing this conference. Today’s conference is but one of a number of conferences that Dr. Bercuson and the centre for military and strategic studies have organized over the years to examine the role of the reserves in today’s ever changing world, and I have been fortunate to have attended all of them. General Natynczyk sends his best wishes for the success of the conference and his regrets. He has a killer schedule that does not permit him to be with us today. Over the course of the conference we hope to examine how the Canadian forces reserves support the missions undertaken by the Canadian forces as directed by the Canadian government. There are challenges maintaining this high level of operational tempo which we will explore and discuss over the next few days. ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2010 ISSN : 1488-559X JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES The future is always an unknown, but as we look forward to 2011 and Canada’s withdrawal from Afghanistan we need to be ready to face the next mission or operation demanded by the government. Today there are three major documents which are of significant relevance to, and provide direction for the Canadian forces. All have evolved in this new century: the ‚Canada first defence strategy‛; ‚Canada’s northern strategy‛; and ‚A strategy for 2020 - shaping the future of the Canadian forces‛. All of these documents are common in their purpose to define the role, responsibility and effectiveness of the Canadian forces, now and into the future. These documents also recognize the value and significant role that the reserves and the reservist contribute to the defence team. Today, regular and reserve force personnel work side-by-side in wide ranging operations such as: - the conduct of daily domestic operations including arctic and NORAD missions; - support to major international events such as the 2010 Olympics; - support to civilian authorities during a crisis in Canada which could include a major terrorist attack; - extended international operations; and - humanitarian aid and disaster relief. Because of the realities of the 21st century, Canada requires a military with the flexibility to respond to such challenges while continuing to carry out essential, day-to- day training and missions. In the Canadian Forces, the greatest constant is change. For the reserve force, this is especially the case. 42 | P a g e VOLUME 12, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2010 My military career began in the Reserves in 1967. Over these 43 years of service, I have personally witnessed enormous changes in the structure, equipment, role, numbers, and expectations of Canada’s Reserve Force. More changes are afoot. The role of the Reserves has changed dramatically since the end of the cold war, morphing from a strategic base for mobilization to an organization intimately involved in domestic and international operations as well as the day to day business of the Canadian forces. Numbering nearly 26,000, the primary reserve is a complex mixture of full and part-time personnel. Their primary role is to augment, sustain, and support the regular force. In recent years, reservists have made substantial contributions to Canada’s international efforts and domestic relief operations. However, the Reserve Force does more than augment the regular force. Today reservists are critical to the sustainability of Canadian Forces operations. They are also called upon to aid civil authorities in the management of natural or man-made emergencies. And they are asked to connect with Canadian society, especially in communities not located near or served by, Canadian Forces bases. As well, some operational capabilities, such as maritime coastal defence and civil-military cooperation, are resident in the reserve force. Since the early 1990s, the Canadian Forces have been faced with a high operational tempo. More and more Reserve Force personnel have been called upon to assist the Canadian Forces in delivering on its mandate. The participation of reservists on international operations has reached a level where more than 20 percent of the troops deployed overseas are reservists. The engagement of the reserves today is at a level not seen since World War Two. 43 | P a g e JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES Evolution of the Reservist Role Before I go any further, let me provide some context, and explain where the reserves have been, and where they are now. In the first and second World Wars, the reserves provided the mobilization base for the army, navy and air force. Local units, filled with part-time personnel who trained for only a few weekends a year, were called to active duty, and thousands of volunteers brought their units from skeleton strength to the point where they were turning away recruits in a matter of days. The naval reserve divisions generated sailors to build Canada’s navy helping to produce, by the end of world war two, the third largest navy in the world. In times of peace Canada has traditionally relied on a small, and by some standards, tiny full-time force. the permanent force, or as it is known today, the regular force, have considered themselves the ‘professionals’, those who train to the highest standard, and bear the day-to-day tasks of guarding the nation. In contrast, prior to the 1990s, the reserve force was considered a partially trained or second class force. The reserve force has existed to backfill the regular force, in times of national need. Today it would be difficult to overstate the importance of the reserves to sustaining CF operations, particularly following the defence budget cuts and increased operational tempo of the 1990s. At the end of the cold war, the Canadian forces had a total strength of approximately 89,000 regular force personnel. While this number declined to below 60,000 in the 1990s, the military's operational tempo increased significantly over the same period, placing extreme stress on Canadian forces personnel. Faced with ever increasing demands and the need to respond to new and unforeseen crises, the Canadian Forces required, and continues to require, more recruits of higher quality with the right knowledge and skills. 44 | P a g e VOLUME 12, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2010 Among other considerations, the government's decisions on rebuilding the Canadian forces are informed by experience gained in recent missions in Canada and overseas, including in Afghanistan. Maintaining 3000 Canadian forces personnel in Afghanistan requires a pool of over 15,000. This includes 3000 personnel in theatre for six months, 6000 at different stages of training for upcoming rotations and 6000 recovering following their deployment, affording the soldiers a minimum of 12 months between deployments. Additionally, about 10,000 civilian and military personnel are required at the same time, in Canada, to support the mission. Indeed, the Afghanistan mission has demonstrated the importance of having a military that can operate far from home on a sustained basis and in a difficult environment, and that is capable of quickly adapting to evolving threats and changing conditions on the ground. These lessons will continue to be incorporated as the military adjusts its doctrine and capability requirements in the future. OP Hestia was an excellent example of readiness put into practice. OP Hestia was the CF’s response to the catastrophic earthquake that struck Haiti, on January 12, 2010. The readiness and efficiency of the CF made it possible to quickly deploy two thousand Canadian forces personnel, hundreds of vehicles, seven helicopters, two ships and airlift support to the recovery and reconstruction efforts in Haiti. These personnel provided humanitarian aid, medical care, engineering support, security and logistical coordination to alleviate the suffering of Haitians affected by this disaster. In the modern era, reserve augmentation is usually on the individual, or depending on the theatre of operations, sub-unit level. Although nearly 20% of Canadian forces personnel currently in Afghanistan are reservists, the reservists are fully-integrated into the regular force units. Training and equipment are to the same standard for both the regulars and reserves. 45 | P a g e JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES Today, apart from the details of a shoulder flash or a hat badge, it is virtually impossible to spot the difference between a regular and reservist while overseas. Furthermore, defence of the maritime approaches to Canada is provided in part by the naval reserve manning between 7 and 10 Kingston class ships for coastal operations. The air reserve is intimately integrated into air force and NORAD operations protecting the air approaches to Canada. Domestically, Canada’s northern strategy aims at putting more boots on the arctic tundra, more ships in the icy water and a better eye-in-the-sky. Significant investments have been made to support the strategy. we will see the establishment of an army training centre in resolute bay on the shore of the northwest passage, as well as the expansion and modernization of the Canadian rangers – the reserve force responsible for providing military presence and surveillance and for assisting with search and rescue in remote, isolated and coastal communities of northern Canada. The navy is developing an arctic off shore patrol vessel that will be jointly manned by the regular and reserve force. And the air force continues to fly sovereignty missions in the area, often inter-acting with our Russian friends.