http://www.oecd.org/regional Regions and Cities at a Glance 2018 – GREECE Economic trends in regions Regional gap in GDP per capita, 2000-16 Index of regional disparity in GDP per capita, 2016 GDP per capita in USD PPP Top 20 % richest over bottom 20% poorest regions 2016 2000 Ratio 45 000 4 Small regions Large regions (TL3) (TL2) 40 000 Highest region 35 000 Attica 3 30 000 32 461 USD 25 000 Greece 23 748 USD 2 20 000 Lowest region 15 000 East Macedonia - 1 10 000 Thrace 2000 2005 2010 2016 16 327 USD Country (number of regions considered) The gap in GDP per capita between the richest and poorest Greek regions has increased over the last sixteen years. In 2016, the level of GDP per capita in the capital region (Attica) was twice as high as in East Macedonia, the region with the lowest GDP per capita in the country. Greece ranks 9th in term of highest regional GDP per capita disparities among 30 OECD countries with comparable data. While the regions South Aegean and Attica had similar levels of productivity in 2000, the former experienced a fast decline in productivity (-1.3% per year) whereas the latter achieved modest growth (0.5% per year). Crete recorded the highest regional growth in productivity (+0.5 % per year). Youth unemployment rate in Epirus reached 57.6% in 2017, almost twice the level in Southern Aegean and among the highest of all OECD regions. Productivity trends, most and least dynamic regions, 2000-16 Youth unemployment rate, 15-24 years old, 2007-17 GDP per worker in USD PPP Attica: highest rate (% ) 100 000 productivity in 2016 80 Highest rate Epirus 90 000 (+0.3% average annual 70 growth over 2000-16) 60 57.6% 80 000 50 Greece Crete: highest 40 43.6% 70 000 Greece productivity growth 30 Lowest rate 60 000 (+0.5% annually) OECD 20 S. Aegean 50 000 S. Aegean: lowest 10 29.1% 0 40 000 productivity growth 2007 2012 2017 2000 2005 2010 2016 (-1.3% annually) Source: OECD Regional Database. Notes: (1) Figure on regional gap in GDP per capita: OECD regions refer to the administrative tier of subnational government (large regions, Territorial Level 2); Greece is composed of 13 large regions. (2) Figure on index of regional disparity: top (bottom) 20% regions are defined as those with the highest (lowest) GDP per capita until the equivalent of 20% of national population is reached, this indicator provides an harmonised measure to rank OECD countries, using data for small regions (Territorial Level 3) when available. (3) Productivity is measured as GDP per employee at place of work in constant prices, constant Purchasing Power Parities (reference year 2010). Updated the 5th of March 2019 Differences in well-being across regions Top region Bottom region Attica Regions South Epirus Aegean top 20% Attica (1 to 402) Attica South Aegean Western Greece Attica South middle 60% Aegean Central Macedonia North Aegean Ionian Islands North Aegean East Macedonia Attica Ranking of OECD regions Thrace Western Greece South Aegean Attica North North Central Aegean South Aegean bottom bottom 20% Aegean Greece Western Macedonia Safety Education Health Civic Community Environment Income Life Access to Jobs Housing Engagement Satisfaction services Relative ranking of the regions with the best and worst outcomes in the 11 well-being dimensions, with respect to all 402 OECD regions. The eleven dimensions are ordered by decreasing regional disparities in the country. Each well-being dimension is measured by the indicators in the table below. The largest regional disparities in well-being outcomes in Greece are found with respect to safety, education, health, civic engagement and community. South Aegean ranks in the top 10% of OECD regions in terms of safety, but in the bottom 10% in terms of environment. Epirus ranks among the top 20% of the OECD regions in health, but its unemployment rate is among the highest in the OECD, especially for youths. Jobs outcomes of all Greek regions are in the bottom 20% of OECD regions. The top performing regions in Greece fare better than the OECD median region in four out of thirteen well-being indicators: homicide rate, labour force education, life expectancy and mortality rate, although regional disparities are the highest for these indicators. Country OECD median Greek regions Average region Top 20% Bottom 20% Safety Homicide Rate (per 100 000 people), 2016 0.8 1.3 0.3 1.0 Education Labour force w ith at least upper secondary education (%), 2017 76.7 81.7 86.9 65.6 Health Life Expectancy at birth (years), 2016 81.5 80.4 82.3 81.0 Age adjusted mortality rate (per 1 000 people), 2016 7.5 8.1 7.0 7.8 Civic engagement Voters in last national election (%), 2017 or lastest year 63.6 70.9 69.5 54.9 Community Perceived social netw ork support (%), 2013 81.1 91.4 85.5 74.7 Environment Level of air pollution in PM 2.5 (µg/m³), 2015 18.4 12.4 15.5 22.1 Income Disposable income per capita (in USD PPP), 2016 12 958 17 695 14 978 11 130 Life Satisfaction Life satisfaction (scale from 0 to 10), 2013 5.6 6.8 5.9 5.0 Access to services Households w ith broadband access (%), 2017 65.0 78.0 67.5 60.1 Jobs Employment rate 15 to 64 years old (%), 2017 53.7 67.7 55.8 50.7 Unemployment rate 15 to 64 years old (%), 2017 21.8 5.5 18.1 25.4 Housing Rooms per person, 2016 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 Source: OECD Regional Database. Visualisation: https://www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org. Notes: (1) OECD regions refer to the first administrative tier of subnational government (large regions, Territorial Level 2); Greece is composed of 13 large regions. (2) Household income per capita data are based on USD constant PPP, constant prices (year 2010). Updated the 5th of March 2019 Metropolitan areas in the national economy OECD population is concentrated in cities* Percentage of population in cities, 2016 UnitedGreece States OECD average people people in cities outside cities people with population 30% people in cities 43% 10.8 million 43% 1.2 billion outside cities above 500 000 55% with population people - 57% people - 70% above 500 000 live in cities live in cities people in cities with 6% population between 0% 50 000 and 250 000 9% people in cities with 14% people in cities with population between population between people in cities with population 50 000 and 250 000 between 250 000 and 500 000 250 000 and 500 000 Source: OECD Metropolitan Database. Number of cities: 14 in Greece and 1 138 in the OECD. In Greece, 57% of the population lives in cities of more than 50 000 inhabitants. The share of population in cities with more than 500 000 people is 43% compared to 55% in the OECD area. Importance of metropolitan areas GDP growth in metropolitan areas Cities above 500 000 people, 2016 Cities above 500 000 people, 2001-15 Greek metropolitan areas Rest of the country % Greece OECD average % 80 0.0 70 63% 58% 60 53% 55% -0.2 46% -0.2% 50 43% -0.4 40 per year 30 -0.6 20 -0.8 10 -0.8% 0 -1.0 per year % of national % of national % of national GDP employment population Metropolitan areas in Greece account for 53% of national GDP compared to 63% in the OECD area. Between 2001 and 2015, the GDP was declining less in metropolitan areas compared to the rest of the country. In terms of GDP per capita, Athens ranks in the bottom third among the 327 OECD metropolitan areas. In terms of PM 2.5 levels, Athens and Thessaloniki are among the 25% most polluted metropolitan areas in OECD countries. OECD Metropolitan areas ranking Cities above 500 000 people USD PPP 100 000 80 000 GDP per 60 000 40 000 capita, 2016 20 000 0 Top 20% richest Bottom 20% poorest metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Lev el of air pollution in PM 2.5 (µg/m³) 30 Air pollution 20 (PM2.5), 2017 10 0 Top 20% least polluted Bottom 20% most polluted metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Source: OECD Metropolitan Database. Number of metropolitan areas with a population of over 500 000: 2 in Greece compared to 327 in the OECD. * Note: Cities are defined here as functional urban areas, which are composed by high-density urban centres of at least 50 000 people and their areas of influence (commuting zone). For more information, see: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/functionalurbanareasbycountry.htm. th Updated the 5 of March 2019 Subnational government finance Subnational government expenditure by function As a share of total subnational government expenditure, 2016 Greece OECD average 00 Other 31% 11 15% Other General public services 28% 22 14% General public services Economic affairs 19% 33 14% Economic affairs Social protection 13% 44 14% Social protection Education 9% 55 25% Education Health 0% 66 18% Health Subnational expenditure per capita: USD 945 77 USD 6 817 Subnational government expenditure amounts to USD 945 per capita in Greece compared to an OECD average of USD 6 817. In Greece, this is equivalent to 7.1% of total public expenditure and to 3.5% of GDP. In comparison, across the OECD, subnational government expenditure accounts for 40.4% of total public expenditure and for 16.2% of GDP. The function `Other’ (which includes housing and community amenities, recreation, culture and religion; environment; public order and safety) and general public services are the two largest spending items for subnational governments in Greece: together they represent 59% of subnational expenditure compared to 29% in the OECD area.