Animal Products: Non-Food – Fibers Prepared for: ADVS 1110 Introduction to Animal Science Integumentary System • Integumentary System – is an organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising: – Skin – Hair and/or Wool and/or Fur – Scales – Nails or Hooves – Horns Integumentary System • The integumentary system has a variety of functions in animals: – Waterproof – Cushion – Protect deeper tissues – Excrete wastes – Regulate body temperature, and is the – Location of sensory receptors for pain, pressure and temperature (heat or cold). Integumentary System • Integumentary is a word derived from the latin word integumentum, which means ‘a covering’. Cross-section of Animal Skin Body Covering for Common Mammals Animal Body Covering Cattle Hair Pigs Hair Horses Hair Dairy Goats Hair Sheep Wool Hair Sheep Hair Mink Fur Non-Angora Rabbits Fur Body Covering for Common Mammals Animal Body Covering Angora Rabbits Fur and/or Wool Angora Goats Mohair Cashmere Goats Cashmere Llamas Hair (wool) Alpaca Alpaca (wool) Musk Ox Quivet Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals Skins of Animals: • Hides (cattle) • Pelts (sheep) • Tanning – process of curing skin chemically to make “Leather”. – To make “Leather” hair must be removed. Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals • Fellmonger – – process of removing hair and/or wool from hides and pelts. • Depilatory Process – – the process of painting a chemical solution on the skin-side of the pelts or skins that have not had the hair or wool yet removed. – Generally, 24 hours after painting with depilatory, the hair can be removed from the epidermis and follicle, relatively easily. – Process is very important for the tanning and manufacturing of “Leather”. Value of Hides Reduced by: • Brands- Hot Iron more damaging than freeze brands. • Nicking the hide during the skinning process • Warbles (larvae of heel flies) Legal brand locations Freeze Brand-White hair Value of Hides Reduced by: • Outgrowths of grasses in the production of seeds (called awns and/or beards) which can penetrate the skin, both epidermal and mucosal. Exp. ‘foxtail barley’, ‘cheatgrass’, ‘bearded barley’, ‘burrs’, etc. • External parasites, i.e. ticks, mites, keds, lice, etc. Sheep Skin Cross-Section Raw Fleece Crimp Types of Fiber Found on Sheep 1. True Wool 2. Medullated 3. Kemp Types of Fiber Found on Sheep • True Wool: – Desirable – Solid – Strong – Elastic – Dyes evenly – Continuous growth – Secondary follicle Types of Fiber Found on Sheep • Medullated: – Undesirable – Hollow – Brittle – Less elastic – Dyes lighter – Continuous growth – Primary follicle Types of Fiber Found on Sheep • Kemp: – Undesirable – Hollow – Brittle – Pointed ends – Dyes unevenly – Sheds in fleece – Primary follicle Wool Fiber Anatomy & Type Effects of Feed (nutritional) and Stress (physiological) on the Diameter and Strength of Wool Fiber Wool Microphotograph Wool Scales “Wool Pets” Factors Affecting the Value of Wool and Mohair: 1. Fineness (fiber diameter and/or grade) 2. Length of staple 3. Clean fiber yield (opposite is shrink) 4. Uniformity of fiber 5. Crimp (degree of waviness) 6. Black fiber contamination 7. Polypropylene contamination 8. Non-scourable paint brands Woolen & Worsted Process Woolen & Worsted Process Woolen & Worsted Process Wool Top – Super-fine Merino Woolen & Worsted Process Wool: Woolen vs. Worsted Manufacturing Process Hand Processing Wool Wool and Mohair Utilization • Carpets - 30% • Felt – 1% • Apparel – 69% – A. Knitted Goods – B. Woven Fabrics • Blankets • Upholstery • Drapery • Men & Boys Wear • Women & Girls Wear Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles Various Animal Fibers Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles Description Producing Fineness (µ) Length (in) Countries Mohair Turkey 25 – 45 7 – 10 South Africa Cashmere Kashmir 12 – 17 1 – 3 Tibet China Camel Hair China 16 – 25 1.5 – 2.0 (fine) Mongolia Alpaca Peru 27 – 45 8 – 9 Bolivia Vicuna Peru 13 1 – 2 Llama Peru 30 – 60 5 – 10 Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles Description Producing Fineness (µ) Length (in) Countries Angora Rabbit Europe 13 1.5 – 5.0 Asia Quivet Alaska 9 – 17 1.0 – 2.5 (Musk Ox) Wool Australia 16 – 35 2.5 – 4.5 Wool New Zealand 19 – 50 2.75 – 9.0 Alpaca Raw Fiber Here’s Looking at You! A Wool Home in Mongolia (Yurt) Out of Kilter! Animals are Awesome! QUESTIONS? .