52 Experiments with Regulatory Review ! e Political and Economic Inputs into State Rulemakings Jason A Schwartz Report No. 6 November 2010 Copyright © 2010 by the Institute for Policy Integrity. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Institute for Policy Integrity New York University School of Law 139 MacDougal Street, ! ird Floor New York, New York 10012 Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................ii Introduction .............................................................................................1 PART ONE: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Trying To Go 1. Weighing the Options ...................................................................................10 2. History and Models .......................................................................................31 3. Previous Studies on State Practices .............................................................44 4. Lessons from Federal Practice .....................................................................54 5. Principles for Evaluation and Comparison ...............................................67 PART TWO: Where We Are Now 6. Research Methodology .................................................................................73 7. Grades and Comparative Charts .................................................................79 8. State-by-State Summaries ...........................................................................146 Alabama........................................................................................................146 Alaska...........................................................................................................152 Arizona.........................................................................................................159 Arkansas........................................................................................................165 California......................................................................................................170 Colorado......................................................................................................177 Connecticut..................................................................................................184 Delaware........................................................................................................190 District of Columbia..................................................................................193 Florida..........................................................................................................196 Georgia..........................................................................................................204 Hawaii............................................................................................................207 Idaho..............................................................................................................211 Illinois...........................................................................................................216 Indiana..........................................................................................................221 Iowa...............................................................................................................227 Kansas............................................................................................................235 Kentucky........................................................................................................240 Louisiana.......................................................................................................245 Maine..............................................................................................................250 Maryland.......................................................................................................256 Massachuse" s...............................................................................................262 Michigan........................................................................................................265 Minnesota......................................................................................................271 Mississippi.....................................................................................................277 Missouri.........................................................................................................280 Montana.........................................................................................................285 Nebraska........................................................................................................292 Nevada..........................................................................................................294 New Hampshire...........................................................................................298 New Jersey.....................................................................................................303 New Mexico..................................................................................................307 New York......................................................................................................309 North Carolina.............................................................................................317 North Dakota................................................................................................324 Ohio...............................................................................................................329 Oklahoma......................................................................................................338 Oregon...........................................................................................................343 Pennsylvania.................................................................................................346 Puerto Rico..................................................................................................355 Rhode Island.................................................................................................357 South Carolina..............................................................................................360 South Dakota................................................................................................365 Tennessee.....................................................................................................370 Texas...............................................................................................................373 Utah...............................................................................................................377 Vermont.........................................................................................................382 Virginia...........................................................................................................387 Washington...................................................................................................392 West Virginia.................................................................................................400 Wisconsin......................................................................................................406 Wyoming.......................................................................................................412 PART THREE: Where to Go and How to Get ! ere 9. Innovatve Practices ......................................................................................418 10. Recommendations .....................................................................................421 Appendix ...............................................................................................426 Acknowledgments Special thanks to Stephanie Tatham for her invaluable contributions to designing and coordinating the early research phases of this project. Special thanks also to Jennifer Gómez for her careful proofreading. ! anks to Julia Brown, Meghan Dwyer, Ellio" Farren, Ryan Rei# ert, James ! ompson, and John Wood for their hard work conducting surveys, collecting research materials, and dra$ ing select state summaries. ! anks to Bryant Cannon, Brandon Cunningham, Yoo-Soo Ho, Annie Jhun, Nathaniel Kane, Melissa Lang, Maggie Macdonald, Kristina Portner, Neil Rutledge, Je# Seddon, David Seitzer, Megan Turek, and especially Jon Kalmuss-Katz for their assistance conducting surveys. ! is project could not have been completed without the guidance and supervision of Richard L. Revesz and Michael A. Livermore, and the support of Edna Ishayik. Executive Summary The Problem Nearly twenty percent of the American economy is directly regulated by the states. State agencies wield tremendous power over nearly every facet of economic life, from insurance to land use to health care%industries whose & nancial footprints easily climb into the billions of dollars each. Given the expanding scope of state regulatory programs and the present economic climate, there has never been a more important time to understand how state regulations are developed. Yet bureaucrats issue the decrees that shape people’s lives from deep within the labyrinthine halls of government, o$ en sheltered from the scrutiny of the press and public. Inadequate decisionmaking procedures can lead to too much regulation%sti' ing economic growth%or too li" le, exposing the public to unnecessary risks. To ensure that agencies are