ESPI Yearbook 2019 Space policies, issues and trends Report: Title: “ESPI Yearbook 2019 – Space policies, issues and trends” Published: May 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Yearbook 2019 - Space policies, issues and trends, May 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. 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Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: Shutterstock TABLE OF CONTENT FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................... 1 ABOUT ESPI YEARBOOK AND SPACE SECTOR WATCH ................................................................................ 3 1 POLICY & PROGRAMMES .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 2019 in a nutshell................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Space policy highlights and trends in 2019 ......................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 ESA Space 19+: record breaking subscriptions bolstering ESA programmes .......................... 5 1.2.2 European Union prepares for 2021-2027 with new Commission .............................................. 10 1.2.3 A change of paradigm in the space defence domain .................................................................. 14 1.2.4 Space safety and sustainability, rising issues in space policy agendas ................................... 21 1.2.5 Progress of Moon exploration plans despite unresolved questions ......................................... 27 1.2.6 Other outstanding space policy developments ............................................................................. 37 1.3 Major space programme developments in 2019 .............................................................................. 44 1.3.1 Navigation programmes .................................................................................................................... 44 1.3.2 Earth Observation and telecommunication programmes ........................................................... 47 1.3.3 Science and exploration programmes ............................................................................................ 53 2 INDUSTRY & INNOVATION ................................................................................................................. 59 2.1 2019 in a nutshell................................................................................................................................. 59 2.2 Space transportation industry highlights and trends in 2019 .......................................................... 60 2.2.1 Progress of next-generation European launcher programmes .................................................. 60 2.2.2 Microlaunchers frenzy continues, tangible progress by leading firms ..................................... 63 2.2.3 Super-heavy launchers and deep space transport under the spotlight .................................... 67 2.2.4 Other outstanding developments in the space transportation industry ................................... 70 2.3 Satellite industry highlights and trends in 2019 ................................................................................ 76 2.3.1 Industry involvement in Moon plans taking shape ....................................................................... 76 2.3.2 Turmoil in GEO satcom markets ...................................................................................................... 81 2.3.3 LEO satcom constellations: steady progress and growing concerns ....................................... 86 2.3.4 In-orbit servicing, the next big market? ........................................................................................... 91 2.3.5 Other outstanding developments in the satellite industry ........................................................... 94 2.4 Selected company profiles in 2019 .................................................................................................... 97 2.4.1 Launch service providers ................................................................................................................... 98 2.4.2 Space systems manufacturers and integrators .......................................................................... 102 2.4.3 Satellite operators ............................................................................................................................. 108 3 ECONOMY & BUSINESS ................................................................................................................... 117 3.1 Global space economy ...................................................................................................................... 117 3.1.1 Overview and main indicators ........................................................................................................ 117 3.1.2 Commercial satellites and launches ............................................................................................. 121 3.1.3 Ground stations and equipment ..................................................................................................... 124 3.1.4 Space products and services .......................................................................................................... 125 3.1.5 Insurance sector ................................................................................................................................ 127 3.2 Institutional space budgets .............................................................................................................. 129 3.2.1 Global overview and evolution ........................................................................................................ 129 3.2.2 Space budget per country ............................................................................................................... 132 3.2.3 European space budgets ................................................................................................................. 135 3.3 Private investment and entrepreneurship ........................................................................................ 143 3.3.1 Global overview of private investment in the space sector ...................................................... 143 3.3.2 Private investment and entrepreneurship in the European space sector .............................. 147 3.4 European space economy statistics ................................................................................................ 152 3.4.1 European space manufacturing industry ..................................................................................... 152 3.4.2 European remote sensing industry insights ................................................................................ 156 3.4.3 European GNSS sector .................................................................................................................... 157 4 LAUNCHES & SATELLITES ............................................................................................................... 158 4.1 Global space activity evolution 2000-2019 ...................................................................................... 158 4.1.1 Launch activity evolution by country and orbit ............................................................................ 159 4.1.2 Spacecraft orbit and mass .............................................................................................................. 161 4.1.3 Space missions and markets ......................................................................................................... 163 4.1.4 Spacecraft manufacturing and procurement by country .......................................................... 166 4.2 Global space activity in 2019 ............................................................................................................ 170 4.2.1 Launch activity in 2019 .................................................................................................................... 170 4.2.2 Spacecraft launched in 2019: customers and manufacturers ................................................. 173 4.2.3 Spacecraft launched in 2019: missions and markets ................................................................ 174 4.3 Launch log and activity highlights .................................................................................................... 175 4.3.1 ESPI launch log 2019........................................................................................................................ 175 4.3.2 ESPI Database definitions ..............................................................................................................