WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Politics of education, conflict and conflict resolution in Balochistan, Pakistan Faiz, J. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] POLITICS OF EDUCATION, CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN JALAL FAIZ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2015 i Author’s Declaration This thesis is carried out as per the guidelines and regulations of the University of Westminster. I hereby declare that this thesis is solely based on my own research and that appropriate credit has been given (directly or indirectly) where references have been made to the work of others. Jalal Faiz ii Acknowledgements A number of people in Balochistan and in the United Kingdom (particularly in London) supported me throughout my study period and my stay in the United Kingdom. I am very thankful for all the help and support that have played a role in my research project, directly or indirectly. First and foremost, my special gratitude goes to the members of my supervisory team – my mentor and director of studies Dr. Dibyesh Anand, and my co- supervisor Dr. Ricardo Blaug. Both have been supportive and inspiring throughout my doctorate research period. I would especially like to thank Dr. Anand, with whom I spent three and half years as a PhD candidate. I would like to thank him for his advice, constructive criticism, feedback and excellent supervision of my work. Working under his supervision was a very rewarding and unique experience for me. I sincerely acknowledge that his help and assistance were exceptional, extraordinary and supportive, and for this I am personally indebted to him. I have to admit that, without his support and encouragement, I could never have dreamt of accomplishing this task. Apart from the academic aspect, I also thank him for treating me as a friend and part of his family. I thank the Dean of the faculty of Social Science and Humanities (SSH), the Head of the Department of Politics and International Relations (DPIR), all the faculty members, the library staff and Graduate School staff/members of the University of Westminster, London, for providing me with all the facilities that I required for my studies. I am thankful to DPIR for providing me with an office and teaching opportunities as a visiting lecturer to the undergraduate students, as well as conference funding in Istanbul, Turkey. I accessed all the facilities throughout my study duration, and I would like to thank Dr. Farahang iii Morady, Dr. Thomas Moore, Dr. Maria Holt, Dr. Dan Greenwood, and Suzy Robson for offering opportunities and a supportive environment. I would like to extend my gratitude to staff of the British Library, where I often used to work, for their constant support. I have used the reading rooms and materials of the British Library extensively for this project. Those days I spent at the British library, having discussions with friends, reading books etc., were the most beautiful days of my life. The British Library is one of the places in London of which I feel proud. I still remember long critical discussions with my friends: Vishakha Jha, Dr. Gulawar Khan, Zahoor Ahmed Buladai, Dr. Dibyesh Anand, Dr. Nitasha Kaul, Mir Dosteen Hoth, Dr. Gul Hassan Baloch and a few other PhD friends. I am also greatly indebted to my PhD colleagues and friends. We shared a kitchen and offices (particularly room no. 417), where we discussed our problems and research progress with one another. Thanks are due to Rob Cowley, SeokBe Lee, Dr. Daniel Matteo, Dr. Tanmayee Banerjee, Dr. Debdata Chowdhury, Vanesa Rodriguez Galindo, Dr. Dawood Azami, Dr. Gulawar Khan, Cemal Yucetas and others. A few of them have completed their studies while others are going through the completion process. Over three and a half years I got to know these guys at a personal and family level. Such an exhausting and lengthy project would not have been possible without their support and cooperation. My sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Abdul Hameed Bajoi (Ex-Vice Chancellor), Dr. Ghulam Hussain Jaffar (Ex-Registrar), and Abdul Qadir Roonjha (Project Director), Dr Nasir Abbass, Yasir Buzdar, Amanullah Roonjha, Lasbela University, Balochistan, Pakistan, who supported my fully funded scholarship application for an MA leading to a PhD degree. Without their support I would not have been able to carry out my research at two iv British Universities. I give thanks to Lasbela University, Balochistan, for helping to make my years in Britain the wonderful experience they have been and for the funding which enabled me to complete my studies. With regard to the fieldwork for this thesis, I spent six months in Balochistan and Pakistan conducting ethnographic and empirical research. Twenty-eight individuals have participated in my research as interviewees. It is not possible to mention their names one by one; therefore, I must acknowledge that, without their interviews, support and insights, this project could not have been completed. I am grateful to Zahoor Ahmed Buladai (a member of Balochistan Provincial Assembly during my fieldwork), to whom I am indebted for his kind support, friendship and close association. Zahoor has been very helpful not only for this research but also in every walk of life. A number of people have offered valuable advice and information in the course of this study. Special thanks go to Tufail Baloch, Deputy Commissioner Mastung, Balochistan, for his unending support in helping me to secure access to the potential participants and providing logistical support, accommodation and convenience. Additionally, I would like to express my appreciation to my good friends who are working in various positions in the government. They include Shaihak Shahdad Baloch, Liaquat Kashani, Ismail Ibrahim, Mir Dosteen Hoth, Abdul Razaq Sasoli, Izzat Baloch, Shoib Nasir, Tariq Javeed Mengal, Mohmmad Hayat, Aslam Shawani, Jahanzeb Rind, Hassan Sasoli Baloch, Hafeez Amir, Mansoor Ahmed, Balach Amir, Dr Mazar Gichki, Bebeerg Gichki, Sakhi Bakhsh, Shafi Mohmmed, Dilshad Karim, Balach Bali, Dost Jan and many others who have assisted me in various capacities. I am thankful to all those people who spent time with me during my fieldwork. v I would also like to thank Dr. Manzoor Ahmed for his cheerful readiness to help me whenever I asked him. Dr. Ahmed has always supported me, not only with this project but also throughout my educational career. During my PhD, I often visited Durham University, where he was enrolled as a PhD student. I stayed with him for several weeks each year, and occasionally used the Durham University library. His valuable suggestions were always very helpful and enabled me to overcome all my difficulties in a timely manner. I would also like to thank my colleagues and mates, especially Dolat Khan, Gulawar Khan, Yasir Buzdar, Dr. Safia Bano, Dr. Abdul Rehman, Gazzain Dashti, Iqbal Baloch and Riaz Mazar, many of whom were/are PhD students here in Britain and in other parts of the world, who gave me their tremendous support throughout the various stages of this endeavour. Dolat and Gulawar have shared accommodation with me during the whole period of study, and Riaz proofread the first draft of my thesis. I sincerely appreciate the generosity of the Hammond Trust for awarding me a one-off grant and the Charles Wallace Pakistan Trust for a doctoral bursary. During the final years of my PhD, these two doctoral bursaries helped me a great deal financially, when my scholarship finished and money was running out. I acknowledge their contributions which helped me greatly with the cost of completing my current doctoral studies. Finally, I owe more personal debts of gratitude to my family for their support during this PhD. The list of my family members is too long to mention in full but, among the many names, very sincere thanks go to my father, Fazal Karim, the late Karim Jan, Dr. Badal Khan, Dr. Amir Bakhash, Ali Mohmmad Shahal, Syed Shahal, Arif Baloch, Khuda Zafar Baloch and all my nearest and dearest ones. Despite many losses, particularly my grandfather, the late Gohram, the late Bohir Mazar, the late Jaada Maqsood, the late Mir Maqsood, my family members during these years have gracefully accepted my vi commitment to my research project. I remain thankful to the people of Hoshab (my village), Nadeem Charshamby, Bahoot Ali, Ahmed Ali, Gulam Mohmad Murad, Wazdar Shahsawar, Khan Mohmad, Ali Jan and Mayar for being with me all the time. It is testament to you all, particularly Gazzain, Meher Nugrah, Mahtal Nadeem, and Sita Gul, that it is now complete. Thank you all for your love and care. vii Dedication To all the Stateless nations (particularly the victims of conflict and violence) who are being suppressed and brutalised because of what is theirs: distinct identity, history, culture and language, concept of nationhood and enormous potential of resources. viii Abstract Balochistan is one of the federating units (provinces) of Pakistan; it constitutes 44 % of Pakistan’s total territory and has been in a state of confrontation with the state since 1948. This is because the majority of the Baloch consider that the Pakistani state annexed their land forcibly, against the will and desire of the people. The Baloch nationalists have never accepted this annexation, and as a result the state has been facing serious crises precipitated by various factors.