Master Plan for Sabarimala Infrastructure Module: Water and Sanitation MASTER PLAN MODULES INFRASTRUCTURE MODULE Solid Waste Management, Water Supply and Sanitation 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction and Relevance................................................................................................1 1.1 Aims and Objectives............................................................................................................2 1.2 Methodology.........................................................................................................................2 1.3 Scope of the Study ...............................................................................................................3 1.4 Structure of the Report .......................................................................................................3 2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................4 2.1 Current Practices of Solid Waste Management................................................................4 2.1.1 Solid Waste Management system in Pampa Sannidhanam and Nilakkal...................................4 2.1.1.1 Quantity and Characteristics of Waste generated........................................................... 5 2.1.1.2 Segregation and Storage of Waste at Source .................................................................. 7 2.1.1.3 Collection and Transportation........................................................................................ 7 2.1.1.4 Treatment and Disposal .................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.5 Management and Operation............................................................................................ 8 2.1.1.6 Awareness and Participation of NGOs in SWM.............................................................. 8 2.1.2 Erumely –Pampa Trek route ......................................................................................................9 2.1.3 Erumely and Vandiperiyar Panchayats .....................................................................................9 2.1.4 Sathram and Uppupara............................................................................................................10 2.1.5 Other Local Body Areas...........................................................................................................10 2.1.6 Key Issues and Conclusions.....................................................................................................10 2.2 Assessment of Quantity and Character of Waste Generated ........................................13 2.2.1 Sampling Techniques and Sampling Methodology ..................................................................13 2.2.2 Quantity of Waste Generated...................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Physical Composition ..............................................................................................................14 2.2.4 Future Trends in Waste Generation.........................................................................................15 2.2.5 Interpretations and Inferences .................................................................................................15 2.3 Solid Waste Management Guidelines ..............................................................................16 2.3.1 Strategies and Key considerations...........................................................................................16 2.3.2 Targets and Interventions ........................................................................................................18 2.3.3 Land Requirement for Upgrading SWM Services at Pampa, Sannidhanam and Nilakkal.......21 3. WATER SUPPLY..................................................................................................................23 3.1 Water Supply at Sabarimala ............................................................................................23 3.1.1 Existing System ........................................................................................................................23 3.1.1.1 Supply Mechanism ........................................................................................................ 23 3.1.1.2 Source Reliability.......................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Water Supply Characteristics ..................................................................................................29 3.1.2.1 Quantity of Water Supplied........................................................................................... 29 3.1.2.2 Quality of Piped Water.................................................................................................. 30 3.1.2.3 Water for other purposes .............................................................................................. 31 3.1.3 Pilgrims Demands and Preferences.........................................................................................33 3.1.4 Issues and Constraints .............................................................................................................34 3.1.5 Projected Demand and Quality Requirements.........................................................................34 3.1.5.1 Demand Estimation: Water Requirement at Pampa ..................................................... 35 3.1.5.2 Demand Estimation: Water Requirement at Sannidhanam and Trek Route from Pampa to Sannidhanam (including proposed Queue Complex)........................................................... 36 3.1.6 Proposed Improvements to Water Supply Arrangements at Sabarimala.................................36 IL&FS Ecosmart Ltd Master Plan for Sabarimala Infrastructure Module: Water and Sanitation 3.1.6.1 Proposed Projects at Pampa......................................................................................... 36 3.1.6.2 Proposed Projects at Sannidhanam .............................................................................. 39 3.2 Water Supply at Nilakkal .................................................................................................42 3.2.1 Existing Water Supply System..................................................................................................42 3.2.1.1 Supply Mechanism ........................................................................................................ 42 3.2.1.2 Institutional Arrangement ............................................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Water Supply Characteristics ..................................................................................................43 3.2.2.1 Quantity of Water Supplied........................................................................................... 43 3.2.2.2 Quality of Water............................................................................................................ 43 3.2.2.3 Water for other purposes .............................................................................................. 44 3.2.3 Pilgrims Demands and Preferences.........................................................................................44 3.2.4 Issues, Resource Constraints and Impacts on Environment ....................................................44 3.2.5 Projected Demand and Quality Requirements.........................................................................44 3.2.6 Proposed System ......................................................................................................................44 3.3 Water Supply at Erumely .................................................................................................48 3.3.1 Existing System ........................................................................................................................48 3.3.1.1 Water Supply Mechanism.............................................................................................. 48 3.3.1.2 Proposals under consideration ..................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Water Supply Characteristics ..................................................................................................49 3.3.2.1 Quantity of Water Supplied........................................................................................... 49 3.3.2.2 Quality of Drinking Water Supplied.............................................................................. 49 3.3.2.3 Water for other purposes .............................................................................................. 49 3.3.3 Pilgrims Demands and Preferences.........................................................................................49 3.3.4 Issues, Resource Constraints and Impacts on Environment ....................................................50 3.3.5 Projected Demand and Quality Requirements.........................................................................50 3.3.6 Proposed System ......................................................................................................................50 3.4 Water Supply at Vandiperiyar.........................................................................................53 3.4.1 Existing System ........................................................................................................................54