Society Museum Society 2019 © and devised and designed by Anne Sassin Sassin Anne by designed and devised and day modern the to Archaeological Archaeological Farnham & District District & Farnham Published by Farnham Town Council Council Town Farnham by Published of the prehistoric period up up period prehistoric the of Surrey Surrey Layout a timeline (to scale!) scale!) (to timeline a Layout farnhamofficial www.farnham.gov.uk/hiddenheritage For more information, images and pdfs of leaflets visit visit leaflets of pdfs and images information, more For past buried Farnham’s to guide - Museum Military Aldershot & Curtis www.hampshireculture.org.uk - Museum Guildford guildford.gov.uk/museum heritage & archaeological local A Butser Ancient Farm Farm Ancient Butser www.butserancientfarm.co.uk - ideas: Activity - Centre Life Rural life.org.uk - rural Hale History project project History Hale - www.halehistoryproject.co.uk Heritage Hidden - project History Wrecclesham wreccleshamhistory.wordpress.com Archaeological Society and Surrey County Archaeological Unit Unit Archaeological County Surrey and Society Archaeological - Heritage Surrey www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk Past) Surrey’s (Exploring Local loans boxes are also available from the Museum, Surrey Surrey Museum, the from available also are boxes loans Local - Centre History Surrey centre - leisure/history - and - www.surreycc.gov.uk/culture Young Archaeologists’ Club Club Archaeologists’ Young - uk.org - www.yac - Society Farnham The farnhamsociety.org.uk Schools Prehistory and Archaeology Archaeology and Prehistory Schools - www.schoolsprehistory.co.uk Farnham & District Museum Society Society Museum District & Farnham - www.farnhammuseumsociety.org.uk - Experience Age Three Craft Ancient www.ancientcraft.co.uk links Other britain - age - iron - ks2 - history animation/z42d7nb - BBC Teach Iron Age Britain Britain Age Iron Teach BBC video/ - clips - www.bbc.com/teach/class - www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk skills/education - services - resources educational England’s Historic historicengland.org.uk/ including the community dig Finding Farnham. Finding dig community the including (a good internet search will result in more!) in result will search internet good (a sources Suggested heritage outreach projects in the Farnham area, area, Farnham the in projects outreach heritage work. English and Drama Art, into tie easily also Surrey Archaeological Society, who run fieldwork and and fieldwork run who Society, Archaeological Surrey material, and depending on the activities chosen, lessons can can lessons chosen, activities the on depending and material, comes from the work of local archaeologists in the the in archaeologists local of work the from comes based learning through its wealth of visual and artefactual artefactual and visual of wealth its through learning based - object Much of what we know about Farnham’s early past past early Farnham’s about know we what of Much covered in Key Stage 2. It is also be a great way to focus on on focus to way great a be also is It 2. Stage Key in covered British history however, laying the foundations for later periods periods later for foundations the laying however, history British curriculum helps develop a good chronological understanding of of understanding chronological good a develop helps curriculum Roman era either side. Looking at Late Prehistory in the primary primary the in Prehistory Late at Looking side. either era Roman are often overlooked at the expense of the Stone Age and and Age Stone the of expense the at overlooked often are also took place, although these these although place, took also – metallurgy of introduction the besides merely merely besides – developments important many and generalise, can be easy to to easy be can – Ages Iron and Bronze the largely – prehistory www.farnhammaltings.com/museum place very gradually over time. The last two thousand years of of years thousand two last The time. over gradually very place of the more complex themes and cultural changes which took took which changes cultural and themes complex more the of Society. Museum the by organised series lecture that it is difficult to visualise some some visualise to difficult is it that – years 100,000 almost – time events throughout the year, including the regular regular the including year, the throughout events The prehistoric period in Britain is such a substantial length of of length substantial a such is Britain in period prehistoric The from the area, and it runs temporary exhibitions and and exhibitions temporary runs it and area, the from and stores it holds the largest collection of archives archives of collection largest the holds it stores and period? Prehistoric Late the listed Willmer House. Within its local studies library library studies local its Within House. Willmer listed - I winning museum situated within the Georgian Grade Grade Georgian the within situated museum winning - award and accredited an is Farnham of Museum The 100 BC 100 - 550 c. Hants, Danebury Hill Fort, Fort, Hill Danebury Farnham Late Prehistoric Late about learn to Want Find out more about Farnham’s unique past unique Farnham’s about more out Find 2,500 BC - AD 43 Metal-working The Late Prehistoric period The Late Prehistoric period is generally seen as the transitional Evidence for crafting with metal in the Farnham area in the Timeline era from the Stone Age to the coming of the Romans (AD Bronze and Iron Age is not as certain as other periods, as 2400 BC - Elements of the Beaker culture arrive from the 43), mainly comprising the Bronze and Iron Ages. the only artefacts so far discovered are of the finished items continent, including new burial rites, objects and The early Bronze Age is closer to the Late Neolithic in many – coins or axe-heads – rather than the furnaces and tools technology such as copper and gold metal-working practices, although burials underneath earthen mounds, such as crucibles which would indicate local manufacturing. 2300 BC - ‘Amesbury Archer’ dies near Stonehenge known as round barrows, are a particular development which 2200 BC - Bronze is first made by mixing copper and tin and is prominent in the area’s surrounding heathland. Although gradually replaces stone as the main material for tools flintwork does continue, the development of metalwork is 2200-1600 BC - Wessex Culture and period of elaborate perhaps most characteristic of the period, which can be seen barrows and ceremonial landscapes in the many ritual deposits of bronze weapons and ornaments 1800 BC - First industrial-scale copper mines are dug in likely associated with the local barrows. From about 1,500 BC, Ireland and Wales field systems and open settlements developed, with round- 1500 BC - Flat-grave cremation appear, alongside open houses becoming the main form of domestic building, and by settlements, the laying out of fields and round-houses the end of the period, organisation into tribal territories began. 1500-800 BC - Lighter ‘socketed’ axes appear and prove Moulds for artefacts (in this case a sword) are placed on the clay hearth and heated to be effective wood-working tools By the beginning of the Iron Age (around 700 BC), farms, by bellows to the appropriate temperature (1000°C); meanwhile, the molten bronze homesteads and roundhouses were now scattered across the is heated in a crucible and then poured into the moulds, where after about an hour 800 BC - First hillforts began to be built landscape, and hillforts – such as at Caesar’s Camp, Farnham it can be ‘chased’ and polished to remove imperfections © James Dilley 800 BC - Iron-working techniques reach Britain or St John’s Hill, Worldham – attested to elite control of the Copper was the first metal to be created into tools – in the 200 BC - Gold and bronze smiths create highly skilled tribal territories. These centres served multiple functions, ‘Copper’ or Chalcolithic Age (4500-3500 BC) – before it decorative objects (e.g. Battersea Shield and Waterloo from marketing and exchange to livestock movement, and was discovered that additives like tin created a harder alloy. Helmet) animal husbandry and agriculture were particularly important Bronze – typically 90% copper and 10% tin alloy – was cast 150 BC - Coins developed amongst elite of SE England aspects, with much of the forest cleared by the end of the Iron in the Early Bronze Age, and its lower melting point made 100 BC - Iron bars began to be used as tokens of wealth Age period. The mining of iron ore – which was used in the it slower to set and easier to pour into moulds. By about 55-54 BC - Julius Caesar made two expeditions to Britain making of both tools and weapons – also characterises this 1000 BC (later Bronze Age), lead was also included, making as part of his Gaulish campaign era, as does the introduction of coinage by the 2nd century the alloy even stronger. 50 BC - Large ‘oppida’ settlements such as Silchester and Colchester begin to emerge BC, attesting to the overall wealth and thriving industry which The extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores was AD 1 - South-east Britain was controlled by powerful no doubt appealed to the Romans who would come to set much more difficult than copper and tin smelting, as iron leaders with close contact with the Roman Empire their sights on the island. requires specially designed furnaces, before forging took AD 43 - Britain invaded by Roman Emperor Claudius place. The iron could be strengthened however if reheated with charcoal, as the carbon content was transferred to Some further sources rapidly cool the iron, effectively turning it into steel. Darvil, T. (2010) Prehistoric Britain (Routledge World Archaeology) The earliest coins in Britain – imported from the continent Hunt, R. (2002) Hidden Depths: an archaeological exploration of Surrey’s Past in the 2nd century BC – were made by using a punch or die Oakley, K.P. et al. (1939) A Survey of the Prehistory of the Farnham District made of iron/bronze to strike an image, or by pouring the Parker Pearson, M.