ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 164–165 (2007) 85–97 The mammoth site of Niederweningen, Switzerland Heinz Furrera,Ã, Hans Rudolf Grafb, Andreas Ma¨derc aPala¨ontologisches Institut und Museum der Universita¨tZu¨rich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zu¨rich, Switzerland bMatousek, Baumann & Niggli AG, Ma¨derstrasse 8, 5400 Baden, Switzerland cKantonsarcha¨ologie Zu¨rich, Stettbachstrasse 7, 8600 Du¨bendorf, Switzerland Available online 29 December 2006 Abstract In 1890 more than 100 bones, molar teeth and tusks of at least seven different individuals of mammoths, including a very young calf, were found in a peat horizon at the base of a gravel pit at the village of Niederweningen, 20 km northwest of Zu¨rich. Further fragmentary fossils have been identified as remains of woolly rhino, wild horse, bison, wolf, lemming, vole, frog and bird. In 2003 and 2004 new fossils and good sections of the peat horizon were studied in large construction pits located close to the old Niederweningen mammoth site. The highlight was a well-preserved articulated mammoth skeleton with an estimated height of about 3.50 m. New 14C-AMS dating confirm that bones and teeth of mammoth, peat and wood found in association with mammoth, have an age of about 45 ka BP. Luminescence dating of one section provides time control with ages of 70–80 ka for the sediments below the peat and 40 ka above the peat. First studies on pollen, seeds, wood and beetle allow the reconstruction of environment and climate during this time interval in the middle part of the last glacial cycle (Middle Wu¨rmian). r 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Similar bones and teeth, named ‘Mammut’ in Eastern Europe, were identified as elephant remains by the German In July 2003, the discovery of a partly articulated naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1799 and described mammoth skeleton in a construction pit at Niederweningen as Elephas primigenius. In 1806, a first skeleton of a mammoth cast new light on the old ‘Mammutloch’ (‘mammoth pit’) was mounted at St. Petersburg, defrosted some years before as excavated 1890 in the same village. Niederweningen is the an almost complete carcass from the permafrost in Siberia. most important mammoth site of Switzerland and is The impressive copperplate engraving by the naturalist W.G. located about 20 km northwest of the city of Zu¨rich Tilesius was adopted by nearly all textbooks of the 19th (Fig. 1). However, the oldest documented finding of century. In 1821, the French anatomist Georges Cuvier mammoth bones in Switzerland was in 1577 near the interpreted the mammoth as an extinct elephant, well adapted monastery of Reiden, north of Luzern. At the time, the to a cold climate due to its thick hairs. Today scientists call the bones were described by the physician Felix Platter from woolly mammoth, restricted to the Late Pleistocene, Mam- Basel as a giant of 6 m height, known later in the literature muthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799). as the ‘Giant of Reiden’, ‘Giant of Lucerne’ or ‘Swiss The woolly mammoth arose in Northeastern Siberia Giant’. Other historical mammoth fossils were found in probably around 800,000 yr ago but appeared in Europe sand and gravel pits of the Swiss midlands from Geneva only about 200,000 yr ago (Lister and Sher, 2001). Near the to Lake Constance. For instance, more than 200 bones Pleistocene/Holocene boundary the last mammoths dis- and teeth of the woolly mammoth are known since 1769 appeared from Europe and the mainlands of Asia and from the region of Basel (Engesser et al., 1996) and more North America (MacPhee et al., 2002). Only isolated than 60 from Kanton Zu¨rich since 1821 (Hu¨nermann, populations of mammoths survived in Alaska, with bones 1985, 1987). dated at 7000 cal. yr BP found on St. Paul Island (Guthrie, 2004) and on Wrangel Island in northern Siberia, where ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +41 44 634 23 23. youngest fossils of dwarfed mammoths were dated at 3700 14 E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Furrer). CyrBP(Vartanyan et al., 1993; Kuzmin et al., 2003). 1040-6182/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.012 ARTICLE IN PRESS 86 H. Furrer et al. / Quaternary International 164–165 (2007) 85–97 N Fig. 1. Overview on the mammoth sites in Switzerland, spread on the whole Swiss midland and Jura mountain. The Niederweningen mammoth site is marked by ‘N’. No vertebrate fossils have been found at the Gossau interstadial site ‘G’. The outer line follows the maximal extent of Alpine glaciers; the inner line the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Radiocarbon ages of bones found in Switzerland BP (Burger et al., 2004), the age of the mammoth itself is indicate that mammoths were present in this area until 45,18071130 14C yr BP (R. Dagra, pers. comm.). the Late Glacial. The most complete skeleton from Praz Rodet (Weidmann, 1970) is known from the literature to 2. The ‘mammoth pit’ of Niederweningen 1890/91 have an uncalibrated age of 12,270 yr BP (Engesser et al., 1996), but recent dating indicates an older age of In 1890, spectacular fossils were discovered at Nieder- 13,705755 14C yr BP or 16,300 cal. yr BP (R. Marchant, weningen, when a thin bed of gravel was exploited for the pers. comm.). The youngest mammoth bone from northern construction of the new railway embankment (‘mammoth Switzerland was found in Late Glacial gravels at Uster and pit’ in Fig. 2). During the excavation led by the zoologist was dated in 1988 to an age of 13,3507260 14C yr BP. Arnold Lang from Zu¨rich University in 1890 and the Several bones and teeth from gravel pits in the area of summer of 1891, more than 100 bones, molar teeth and Rafz, Hu¨ntwangen, Wil and Weiach (Rhine valley) have tusks of at least seven different mammoth individuals, uncalibrated ages between 18,000 and 22,000 14C yr BP. including a very young calf, were found in a peat horizon Other mammoth sites in Switzerland yield fossils that are and in the overlying silt at the base of the 3–4 m thick older, but still in the range of the 14C dating method. The gravel bed (Lang, 1892). Other fragmentary fossils were tusk found at Sylleux Ajoie, Swiss Jura, was dated to identified as remains of woolly rhino, wild horse, bison, 31,59571335 cal. yr BP (Aubry et al., 2005). An interesting wolf, vole, frog and bird, together with insect and plant find at Obfelden (Reuss valley) was dated between 37,000 remains. In a revision of the fauna, Hu¨nermann (1987) and 43,000 14CyrBP(Hu¨nermann, 1985). The oldest listed Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, mammoth finds in Switzerland, from the area of Gondis- Equus przewalskii, Bison priscus, Canis lupus, Arvicola wil, have been dated only by pollen analysis of the terrestris, Lemmus lemmus, and Rana temporaria, later enclosing peat (lignite) to an age of 48,000–55,000 yr followed by a description of vole (arvicolid rodents) (Wegmu¨ller, 1992). An outstanding mammoth site is (Hu¨nermann, 1989). Already in 1892, A. Lang mounted Siegsdorf in south-eastern Germany, where almost com- an impressive reconstruction at Zu¨rich, being aware that plete skeletons of a huge male mammoth and a cave lion the original skeletal elements came from five different were excavated in 1985 from silty clay (Ziegler, 1994). The individuals (Fig. 3). Since 1914 the Niederweningen AMS date of the cave lion is 47,180+1190/À1040 14Cyr mammoth was one of the highlights of the Zoological ARTICLE IN PRESS H. Furrer et al. / Quaternary International 164–165 (2007) 85–97 87 Fig. 2. Map of Niederweningen with the position of the Mammoth Museum near the sites 1890/91 ‘mammoth pit’; 1–83, 2–83, 85 core holes 1983 and 1985; 2003 construction pit Murzlenstrasse and 2004 construction pit Mammutweg. Museum in the new building of the university. Years later, During the excavation of the construction pit in 1987, however, when more and better-preserved carcasses of the upper peat was unearthed extensively, displaying mammoth were found in the permafrost of Siberia, it was remarkable diapir-like features and shear zones (Schlu¨ch- obvious that the tusks had been placed the wrong way ter, 1988, 1994). Similar deformation results today from round. An anatomically correct reconstruction of an adult cryoturbation in swampy areas of the tundra in Siberia, mammoth skeleton, with original bones from Niederwe- Northern Scandinavia and Northern Canada (Strunk, ningen has been on exhibit since 1991 in the Zoological 1983). In this peat, sometimes rich in moss, twigs of Museum of Zu¨rich University. Betula, beetles, and a small bone fragment were found. In 1990, another construction pit in the eastern part of the 3. Sections in construction pits and bore holes until 1990 mammoth pit (school building ‘Mammutwies’) unearthed only thin but strongly deformed lenses of peat. Bones from The scientific importance and the age of the mammoth 1890 to 1987 were dated in the late 1980s at 33,3007420 peat has been controversial. Heim (1919) wrote in his and 34,6007480 14C yr BP. The dating of plant material famous textbook about the geology of Switzerland of a from the upper part of the peat 1987 was controversial ‘postglacial peat at Niederweningen’ because he noticed (33,1007340 and 42,33071590 14C yr BP) (Schlu¨chter, that glacial deposits do not cover the locality. Pollen 1994). Radiocarbon ages of bones from the mammoth pit analysis of two cores taken in 1983 near the mammoth pit 1890/91 and the upper peat 1987 are thus much younger (1–83, 2–83) indicate that a peat found 7–9 m below the than the deep buried peat in core 2–83, dated by Welten surface was deposited during the Last Interglacial (Eemian) (1988) as Eemian and Earliest Wu¨rmian.