Chlorine leak in Mumbai Port Trust (2010) Pratik Krishnan PhD student June 8th 2017 Steering Committee Meeting A little bit about me… • Born in Mumbai, India Dubai • Grew up in Dubai, UAE Mumbai • Bachelors degree in Chemical Engineering - Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Map data © 2017 Google, Mapa GISrael, ORION-ME Map of parts of South Asia and the Middle East [1] • MS in Chemical Engineering - Texas A&M University Some of my hobbies: Reading, swimming, traveling, watching TV shows, listening to music 2 Outline Background Incident Description Incident Analysis Response to the incident What went wrong? Chlorine properties and uses Consequence analysis Chlorine related incidents Regulations Recommendations 3 [2-5] Background [2] Map of Maharashtra [3] Map of Mumbai [4] Map of Haji Bunder Port Haji Bunder Port, Mumbai Port Trust Map data © 2017 Google 4 Map data © 2017 Google, MapaMap dataGISrael © 2017, ORION Google-ME [2-5] Background Mumbai Port Trust Image of the Mumbai Port Trust [5] . Established in 1873 . Autonomous body owned by the Government of India . Built on a natural deep water harbor . Traffic carrying goods over 60 million tons annually 5 [6-15] Incident Description Location: Haji Bunder Port, Mumbai Date: 14th July 2010 Students at the LBS college of Maritime Studies [6] • Sleeping students in a college dorm near the Mumbai Port Trust wake up vomiting • Some are awake, preparing for exams • An on site guard notices a gas leak and calls the 3 AM fire department 6 [6-15] Incident Description First responders near the gas leak [15] Water being used on the chlorine leak [16] • By this time, the dorm is evacuated • Victims are taken to hospital • The Fire Department identifies it is a chlorine leak and sprays water but realize it is not enough • They ask for help from private companies 4 AM 7 [6-15] Incident Description Safety officers from private companies help plug the leak [17] • Safety officers from nearby companies arrive • They manage to plug the leak • The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is 9 AM contacted 8 [6-15] Incident Description The NDRF arrives with special breathing apparatus [17] • The NDRF arrives with self containing breathing apparatus • They don’t have proper equipment for neutralization 12:30 PM • They request help from a private company 9 NDRF- National Disaster Response Force [6-15] Incident Description The NDRF tries to neutralize the tanks [17] The NDRF gets the equipment and neutralizes the tanks 2:30 PM NDRF- National Disaster Response Force 10 [16-18] Incident analysis 2001 • Consignment of cylinders imported from Dubai • Abandoned by the importer • Reason - Customs department raised objections • Left exposed with no safeguards 2008 • Inspection team notifies that some cylinders contained residual gas • No action is taken 2010 • Chlorine leak occurs due to corrosion of one cylinder over time 11 [16-18] Incident analysis 5 have residual chlorine 141 cylinders 1 cylinder leaks after about 10 years due to corrosion • More than 120 people hospitalized • Around 900 people evacuated • Luckily, there were no fatalities • Extensive damage to surrounding flora and fauna 12 [8,19-21] Response to the incident • The NDRF is called to neutralize the chlorine in the tank Federal • Ministry of Shipping sets up a committee to review guidelines • The Maharashtra State Health State Department coordinates with those injured • First responders arrive at the scene to mitigate the disaster • The BMC tries to ensure the leak Local Government is contained • The BMC, Police and MPT start a joint probe NDRF- National Disaster Response Force BMC- Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai) MPT – Mumbai Port Trust 13 [4,22] What went wrong? Contributing factors: • Improper storage of tanks • Extended storage of goods 350 m • Violation of safety guidelines (1150 feet) Port Aggravating factors: • Proximity of student dorms Dorm • Lack of mitigation systems Map data © 2017 Google Map of Haji Bunder Port [4] • Lack of emergency preparedness 14 [23-28] Chlorine properties and uses • Greenish–yellow gas • Pungent odor Will not burn • Relative gas density – 2.5 Deadly • Soluble in water 3 • OSHA PEL (STEL) - 1 ppm / 3 mg/m Stable • NIOSH IDLH = 10 ppm • At low concentrations, Oxidizer – respiratory irritant, eye irritant • At high concentrations, – can cause loss of consciousness and death PEL - Permissible Exposure Limits IDLH – Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health concentration 15 [23-28] Chlorine properties and uses 11.6 million tons produced in the US (2010) 65 million tons produced globally (2006) Uses Chlor-Alkali process Others Salt + Water + Electricity PVC 23% 40% Basic organic chemicals 37% Chlorine + Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen Others – Hydrochloric acid, Titanium oxide Also used in Water treatment, Pharmaceuticals 16 [4,29-32] Consequence analysis • Britter-McQuaid model – Dense gas dispersion model • Dow’s CEI – Hazard Distance calculation Concentration vs. Distance Distance vs Hole Diameter Hole diameter 17 [4,29-32] Consequence analysis Hole size = 1 mm Distances given are radii of circles Map data © 2017 Google Map of Haji Bunder Port [4] 18 [33-39] Chlorine related incidents 19 Incidents in India [40-49] Raisen Kolkata Kheda Bhopal (1985) Jamshedpur (2008) Bhubaneshwar Pune Berhampur (2010) Incidents before July, 2010 Incidents after July, 2010 Pondicherry 20 Map data © 2017 Google, Mapa GISrael, ORION-ME [50-60] Incidents in the United States Port Allegany Atchison Proctor Phoenix Elmo Graniteville, SC (2005) Addis Macdona, TX (2004) Map data © 2017 Google, INEGI Incidents in 2016-2017 Hilo Incidents with fatalities Alaska Hawaii Map data © 2017 Google, INEGI Map data © 2017 Google 21 [61-63] Regulations Regulations in India Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rule,1989 Hazardous Wastes Rules, 2008 Chemical Accidents Rules, 1996 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 National Disaster Management Authority, 2007 22 [61-63] Regulations Regulations in the USA OSHA EPA Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Planning and Emergency Response [40 CFR Part 355] Standard [29 CFR 1910.120] Emergency Release Notification [40 CFR Part 355] Process Safety Management Standard [29 CFR 1910] Hazardous Chemical Reporting [40 CFR Part 370] Hazard Communication Toxic Chemicals Release [29 CFR 1910.1200] Inventory [40 CFR Part 372] Hazardous Substance Release Reporting [40 CFR Part 302] 23 Recommendations • Imported cylinders must be certified for how long they can be used[22] • Cylinders must only be accepted by the port authority once customs clearance is obtained • Conducting regular audits may be helpful – Internal safety checks help, frequency depends on size • If hazardous substances are imported, – proper storage is essential -- avoid storing it in the open, do not store beyond recommended date – proper mitigation systems must be in place[22] -- hoods, neutralization tank, high pressure water nozzles, foam • Have an emergency response plan 24 References [1] Google Maps : India [2] Google Maps : Maharashtra [3] Google Maps : Mumbai [4] Google Maps : Haji Bunder Port [5] http://mumbaiport.gov.in/ [6] http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Gas-leak-in- Mumbai/article16196969.ece [7] http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-chlorine-leak-reveals-poor-state-of-disaster- management-in-mumbai-1409926 [8] http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sewri-chlorine-leak-sends-123-to-hospital- 1409518 [9] http://www.manupatra.com/roundup/322/News.html [10] http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=68675 [11] http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gas-leak-4-mumbai-port- trust-officials-held-responsible-110121500085_1.html [12] http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/police-seek-details-from-mpt-on-chlorine- leak/story-WOX6cghSBVCQuXIlnNhjbJ.html 25 References [13] http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-59-hospitalised-in-mumbai- gas-leak/20100714.htm [14] http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/gas-leak-move-for-action- against-mumbai-port-officials-opposed/article1487147.ece [15] http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/chlorine-gas-leak-in-mumbai-port-trust- 7732#photo-89062 [16] http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntity ToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin- custom&Path=TOIM/2010/09/14&ID=Ar00400 [17] http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Newsletter/25_jul_2010.pdf [18] http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-chlorine-leak-reveals-poor-state-of- disaster-management-in-mumbai-1409926 [19] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Chlorine-leak-in-Mumbai-port-area- sparks-panic/articleshow/6169587.cms [20] http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/panel-under-shipping-joint-secy-to-probe- chlorine-leak/661015/ [21] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/103-ill-due-to-chlorine-gas-leak-in- Mumbai-probe-ordered/articleshow/6165579.cms 26 References [22] Sharma, R. K., Chawla, R., & Kumar, S. (2010). Chlorine leak on Mumbai Port Trust’s Sewri yard: A case study. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2(3), 161–165. http://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68496 [23] http://www.praxair.com/-/media/documents/sds/chlorine-cl-2safety-data-sheet-sds- p4580.pdf [24] https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_226500.html [25] http://www.es2inc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Chlorine-and-its-properties.pdf [26] https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Chlorine/ChlorineProduction/ [27] https://www.chlorineinstitute.org/stewardship/chlorine/chlorine-manufacture/ [28]