Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg (ed.) osC e 16 Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.) OSCE Yearbook 2010 Yearbook on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) • OSCE Yearbook osCe 2010 Nomos BUC_OSCE_2010_6399-6.indd 1 28.01.11 09:46 Articles of the OSCE Yearbook are indexed in World Affairs Online (WAO), accessible via the IREON portal. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . ISBN 978-3-8329-6399-6 1. Auflage 2011 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2011. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illus trations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich. Contents Kanat Saudabayev Foreword by the Chairperson-in-Office 9 Ursel Schlichting Preface 13 I. States of Affairs – Affairs of State The OSCE and European Security Wolfgang Zellner The 2010 OSCE Astana Summit: An Initial Assessment 23 Andrei Zagorski The Astana Summit Has Left the OSCE in a State of Limbo 31 Vladimir I. Voronkov The OSCE Summit and the European Security Treaty 35 Graeme P. Herd/Pál Dunay The European Security Treaty (EST): Collective Security or Collective Inaction? 45 Marcel Peško The Corfu Process – Opportunity to Establish a New Security Order in Europe or Recipe for Yet Another Failure? 61 Przemysáaw Grudzinski Contract 2015: A Conceptual Framework for Regional Security 75 Rachel S. Salzman The Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative 85 5 Focus on Central Asia Tim Epkenhans “Islam” in the Security Discourse of the Post-Soviet Republics of Central Asia 93 Leonid Golovko The Space for Legal Reform in Central Asia: Between Political Limits and Theoretical Deformations 105 Beate Eschment From Interethnic Harmony to National Unity? Nationalities Policy and the Situation of National Minorities in Kazakhstan 117 Ailuna R. Utegenova Kazakhstan’s 2030 Development Strategy: Significance and Results 133 Thomas Kunze/Lina Gronau From the Tulip Revolution to the Three-Day Revolution: Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan’s Failure to Find Stability 145 Arne C. Seifert/Esen Usubaliev Relations between the State and the Muslim Community in Central Asia: Overview, Analysis, Practical Co-operation in Kyrgyzstan 157 The OSCE Participating States: Domestic Developments and Multilateral Commitment Oleh Protsyk Old and New Challenges for the Current Ukrainian Leadership 167 Stanislav Rašþan Slovenia and the OSCE 179 6 II. Responsibilities, Instruments, Mechanisms, and Procedures Conflict Prevention and Dispute Settlement Alice Ackermann/Herbert Salber The OSCE “Corfu Process” – A Preliminary View of the Security Dialogue on Early Warning, Conflict Prevention and Resolution, Crisis Management, and Post-Conflict Rehabilitation 197 Silvia Stöber The Failure of the OSCE Mission to Georgia – What Remains? 203 Frank Evers Damaged Prospects/Damaged Dialogue in Ukraine and Crimea: The Current Situation in Ukraine and Future Co-operation with the OSCE 221 Comprehensive Security: The Three Dimensions and Cross-Dimensional Challenges Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer/Bernhard Knoll Observing Elections in “Long-Standing Democracies”: Added Value or Waste of Money? 247 Sarah Riese/Nora Roehner/Christoph Zuercher External Strategies for Post-Conflict Democratization: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia 265 Roland Bless Countering Terrorism while Protecting Freedom of the Media: A Crucial Balance for Governments 283 Natalie Sabanadze States and Minorities in the South Caucasus: A Test Case for the Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations on National Minorities in Inter-State Relations 291 Patrice Dreiski Energy Security: An OSCE Perspective 301 7 III. Organizational Aspects OSCE Institutions and Structures Murat Laumulin Kazakhstan’s OSCE Chairmanship: History and Challenges 317 Kurt P. Tudyka The Greek OSCE Chairmanship 2009 327 External Relations and Influence Nikolai Bordyuzha The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Brief Overview 339 Monika Wohlfeld The OSCE and the Mediterranean: Assessment of a Decade of Efforts to Reinvigorate a Dialogue 351 Alice Ackermann/John Crosby/Joop de Haan/Erik Falkehed Developing an OSCE Mediation-Support Capacity: First Steps 369 Annexes Forms and Forums of Co-operation in the OSCE Area 379 The 56 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures 381 OSCE Conferences, Meetings, and Events 2009/2010 399 OSCE Selected Bibliography 2009/2010 403 Abbreviations 419 Contributors 425 8 Kanat Saudabayev Foreword by the Chairperson-in-Office When Kazakhstan assumed the duties of the OSCE Chairmanship at the be- ginning of this year, we were proud to become the first Central Asian state, the first former Soviet republic, and the first majority-Muslim country to chair the Organization. Now, as our year at the helm concludes, we remain proud – proud of the work that the Organization has accomplished this year. At the beginning of December, at President Nursultan Nazarbayev’s initia- tive, OSCE Heads of State or Government gathered in Astana for the first OSCE Summit in eleven years. They reaffirmed their adherence to all agreed- upon OSCE norms, principles, and commitments, and laid out an ambitious vision of a free, democratic, common, and indivisible security community stretching from Vancouver to Vladivostok. In January, in a video address to the OSCE Permanent Council in Vi- enna, President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced that Kazakhstan’s Chair- manship would be guided by “four Ts” – trust, tradition, transparency, and tolerance. We endeavoured to live up to these principles, to be worthy of the confidence placed in us, and to meet the expectations of the OSCE commu- nity. We also endeavoured to enhance trust in the OSCE area and to strength- en the Organization itself. Special conferences marking the 20th anniversary of the Charter of Paris and the Copenhagen Document in France and Den- mark, as well as the informal meeting of the OSCE foreign ministers in July in Almaty contributed to this, as did, of course, the Astana Summit in De- cember. In the politico-military dimension, our Chairmanship has supported joint efforts to revive and strengthen the arms control regime and confidence- building measures. Together with our partners in the Forum for Security Co- operation, we began looking at a much-needed update of the Vienna Docu- ment 1999, and we hope that a revision will be agreed upon next year. We also adopted a plan of action to tackle the threat of small arms and light weapons. A roundtable in February highlighted the importance of the prin- ciples inherent in the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security. In the economic and environmental dimension, we prioritized good governance at border crossings and the development of secure and efficient land transportation. The 18th Economic and Environmental Forum focused on this topic and contributed to crucial international deliberations at a time when we are emerging from the global financial crisis. The link between the environment and security was also in focus, particularly the potential of using the work to address the challenges of the Aral Sea region as a model for re- solving environmental problems elsewhere in the OSCE area. 9 In the human dimension, Kazakhstan put the spotlight on tolerance as an essential element of security. We focused attention on interethnic and interreligious tolerance with a view to reducing the risk of conflict in the OSCE area. The OSCE High-Level Conference on Tolerance and Non- Discrimination held in June in Astana was part of this work. The Chairman- ship spared no effort in fostering constructive co-operation with civil society and ensured the broadest possible involvement of non-governmental organ- izations in the OSCE’s activities. We also strongly supported the work and the independence of the OSCE institutions, which serve as important tools for ensuring respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms, democratic prin- ciples, and the rule of law throughout the OSCE area. We endeavoured to enhance co-operation in countering transnational threats and challenges, including those originating outside the OSCE area. In addressing these and other challenges, we sought to strengthen the OSCE’s interaction with its Partners for Co-operation, particularly Afghanistan, and with other international and regional organizations. As with all OSCE Chairmanships, our agenda was also set by unfore- seen events and crises. The crisis in Kyrgyzstan was a challenge for all of us. Our Special Envoy, Ambassador Zhanybek Karibzhanov, together with col- leagues from the OSCE Secretariat, immediately travelled to Bishkek to sup- port negotiations with all stakeholders to restore public order and confidence. In close co-operation with the United Nations, the European Union, and