PARDON OF RICHARD M. NIXON, AND RELATED MATTERS HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE OF THE * .' COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS THAT SEEK TO INSURE PUBLIC ACCESS TO INFORMATION RELATIVE TO WATERGATE AND ITS RELATED ACTIVITIES SEPTEMBER 24, OCTOBER 1 AND 17, 1974 Serial No. 60 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 44-274 WASHINGTON 1 1976 A ~ I. IA ~ COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PETER W. RODINO, JR., New Jersey, Oharmas HAROLD D. DONOHUE, Massachusetts EDWARD HUTCHINSON, Michigan JACK BROOKS, Texas ROBERT McCLORY, Illinois ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER, Wisconsin HENRY P. SMITH III, Now York DON EDWARDS, California CHARLES W. SANDMAN, JR., New Jersey WILLIAM L. HUNGATE, Missouri TOM RAILSBACK, Illinois JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan CHARLES E, WIGGINS, California JOSHUA EILBERG, Pennsylvania DAVID W. DENNIS, Indiana JEROME R. WALDID, California HAMILTON FISH, JR., New York WALTER FLOWERS, Alabama WILEY MAYNE, Iowa JAMEH R. MANN, South Carolina LAWRENCE :. HOGAN, Maryland PAUL S. SARBANES, Marfland M. CALDWELL BUTLER, Virginia JOHN F. SEIBERLING, Ohio WILLIAM S. COHEN, Maine 0 GEORGE E. DANIELSON, California TRENT LOTT, Mississippi ROBERT F. DRINAN, Massachusetts HAROLD V. FROEHLICH, Wisconsin CHARLES B. RANGEL, New York CARLOS J. MOORHEAD, California BARBARA JORDAN, Texas JOSEPH :. MARAZITI, Now Jersey RAY THORNTON, Arkansas PAUL N. McCLOSKEY, J., California ELIZABETH IIOLTZMAN, NewYork WAYNE OWENS, Utah EDWARD MEZVINSKY, Iowa JEROME M. ZEIVMAN, General Counsel GARNER J. CLINE, Associate General Counsel 1IERDERT FUcHs, counsel WILLIAM P. SHATTUCK, Counsel I. CHRISTOPkIsR NOLDE, Counsel ALAN A. PARKER, Counsel JAMNSE . FALCO, CoUnsel MAURICE A. BAR11OZA, Counsel ROBERT J. TRAINOR, Counsel ARTHURI P. ENDIWS, Jr., Counsel DANIEL L. COHEN, OounWe WILLIAM' P. DIxoN; Counsel JARED B. STAMELL, Coune FRANKLIN 0. POLK, ou1sel THOMAS E. MOONEY, OOU"sel MICHAEL W. BLOMMER, ounsel ALEXANDER B. CooK, Counsel CONSTANTINE J. GEKAS, 0OUsel ALAN F. Corrny, Jr., Counsel KENNETH N. KLEE, Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE WILLIAM L. HUNGATE, Missouri, Ohairmats ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER, Wisconsin HENRY P. SMITH III, Now York DON EDWARDS, California DAVID W. DENNIS, Indiana JAMES R. MANN, South Carolina WILEY MAYNE, Iowa ELIZABETH HOLTZMAN, New York LAWRENCE :, HOGAN, Maryland RoaT J. TaAtNos, Oounsel THOMAS W. HUTCHISON, Counsel STEPHEN P. LYNCH, Research Assistant MICHAEL W. BLOMMER, Associate Counsel (Its .CONTENTS on: Pag. Hearings.held September 24 1974 ............................................ 1 October 1,1974 ................................................ 61 Octq7beUA,, 1.974 .............................................. 87 Testimony of: Abzug, Hon. Bella S ........................................... 22 Bingham, Hon. Jonathan ....................................... 53 Prepared statement ..............................-- 57 Danielson, Hon. George E ........................... 63 Prepared statement ....................................... 79 Ford Hon. Gerald R., President of the United States .............. 90 Prepared statement ........................................ 151 Gude, Hen. Gilbert ........................................... 2 Koch Hon. Edward I .................................... ...... 41 Prepared statement ........................................ 51 McKinney, Hon. Stewart B ..................................... 13 Stark Hon Fortncy H ......................................... 81 Prepared statement ........ ............................... 84 Additional statements of: Heckler, Hon. Margaret ....................................... 85 Jordan, Hon. Barbara ---......................... ----------- -1 Additional material: "The Pardon of Nixon Was Timely, Legal, Jaworski Believes" article from the Wall Street Journal ................................. 147 U.S. Supreme Court in Ex Parte Garland, 4 Wallace 883; U.S. Suprente Court in Burdick v. United States, 236 U.S. 79 ................... 11 Appendixes: Appendix-l: Buchen, Philip W., Counsel to the President, letter with en- closures, October 15, 1974, to Ifon. William L. Ifungate, chairman Subcommittee on Criminal Justice -------------- 189 Hungate, I-Yon. William L chairman, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice letter dated September 17, 1974, to Hon. Leon Jaworsi ---------------------- ..................... 160 Ford, Hon. Gerald R., President of the United States, letters to Hon. William L. Hungate, chairman, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice: September 20, 1074 .................................... 160 September 23, 1974 ................................... 187 September 24, 1974 .............................. September 30 1974 ----------------------- .-- 188 Hungate, Hon. William L., chairman, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, letters to President Gorald R. Ford: September 17, 1074 .................................... 159 September 17, 1974 ----------------------------------- 189 September 18, 1974 ----------------------------------- 160 September 25 1974 ----------------------------- .... 188 October 7, 1904 ----------------------- ------- 188 Jaworski, Hon. Leon, Special Prosecutor, letter dated Septem- ber 24, 1974, to Hon. William L. Hungate, chairman, Subcom- mittee on Criminal Justice --------.--------------------- 187 Press conference of President Gerald R. Ford on September 16, 1974 ------------------------------------------ 101 Press conferences of Philip W. Buchen: September 8, 1974 ------------------------------------ 166 September 10, 1974 ................................... 178 (l1I) IV Appendixes-Continued Appendix 2: Page House Concurrent Resolution 629 .......................... 238 House Concurrent Resolution 630 ........................... 238 House Concurrent Resolution 632 ........................... 239 House Concurrent Resolution 633 .......................... 240 House Concurrent Resolution 636 .......................... 242 House Concurrent Resolution 043 ........................... 243 House Concurrent Resolution 644----------------------- . 244 House Concurrent Rsolutioti 646- ...---------------------- 246 House Joint Resolution 1118 -------------------------- 21 House Joint Resolution 1121 -- ----------------- - -- - 213 House Joint Resolution 1126 ------------------------------- 215 House Joint Resolution 1130-------------..............-.... 217 House Joint Resolution 1139 ------------------- ------ 219 House Joint Resolution 1142 ---------................... 221 House Joint Resolution 1149 ----------------------......... 223 House Joint Resolution 1151 ------------..................... 225 House Jbint Resolution 1152 ................................ 226 Rouse Joint Resolution 1155 ................................ 228 House Joint Resolution 1157 ------------------------------- 230 House Joint Resolution 1159 ................................ 232 House Joint Resolution 1168....................f............ 234 H.R. 16619 ...................-............................ 247 H.R. 16751 ---------------------------------------------- 248 H.R. 16756 ----------------------------------------------- 250 H.R. 16794 ------------------------------------.......... 252 HR.16798 ---------------------------------------------- 254 H.R. 16816 ---------------- ----------------------------t 256 H.R. 16878 ---------------------------------------------- 259 House Resolution 1361 ------------------------------------ 191 House Resolution 1363 ------------------------------------ 193 House Resolution 1367 -------- --------------------------- 196 House Resolution 1368 ------------------------------------ 199 House Resolution 1370 .................................... 201 House Resolution 1375. ................................... 203 House Resolution 1382 ..................................... 205 House Resolution 1385 ------------------------------------ 207 House Resolution 1450 ..................................... 209 Appendix 3: Federalist paper No. 74 .................................... 261 Annotated Constitution, excerpt ............................. 262 "The Pardoning Power of the President" (ch. I) by W. H. Humbert ............................................... 265 PARDON OF RICHARD M. NIXON, AND RELATED MATTERS TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1974 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SuncoMKiTirE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE, COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, Washington, D.C. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:15 a.m., in room 2141, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. William L. Hungate [chairman of the subcommittee] presiding. Present: Representatives Hungate, Kastenmeier, Edwards, Holtz- man, Smith, Dennis, and Hogan. Staff present: Robert J. Trainer, counsel; Stephen P. Lynch, research assistant; and Michael W. Blommer, 'associate counsel. Mr. HUNGATE. The subcommittee will be in order. We will resume our hearings into various bills and resolutions relating to (1) the pardon of former President Richand M. Nixon; (2) the issuance of additional pardons to persons involved in Watergate related activities; (A) the ability and appropriateness of the Watergate Special Prosecu- tion Force to make public the information it has compiled relating to the alleged criminal conduct of former President Richard M. Nixon: and (4) the public disclosure of all Watergate related documents and tapes which were in the custody of the United States between Jan- uary 20,1969, and August 9,1974. Primarily the hearing today will be addressed to the second, third, and fourth points.