NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. This file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in full or in its original format. All links external to the document have been deactivated. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. Information Resources on Big Cats: Animal Welfare Information Center Information Resources on Big Cats AWIC Resource Series No. 45 December 2009 Table of Contents Cheetahs Eastern Cougar Clouded Leopards Cougars Jaguar Leopards Lions Snow Leopards Additional AWIC Resources Exhibit Animal Species - Carnivores Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines - Exhibition Animals Puma concolor couguar Exotic Animals as Pets North American mountain lion. Credit: Tigers, Panthera tigris: Natural History, USFWS Ecology, Conservation, Biology, and Captive Care About this Document The citations in this bibliography pertain to the health, care and housing of big cats. This information will be of use to research facilities, zoos, circuses and conservation programs to assist them in the care, breeding, husbandry and conservation of these animals. It may also be of interest to those who would like additional information on the care and preservation of these seven big cats. The Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) regulates the care, housing and treatment of warm blooded animals used for research, public exhibition, transportation in commerce, or sold in wholesale pet trade. Big cats are exhibited in zoos and circuses, used in some areas of research, used in conservation projects, and occasionally sold or transported in commerce and thus fall under the AWA. USDA, APHIS, Animal Care provides answers to Commonly Asked Big Cat Questions as well as a position statement entitled Large Wild land Exotic Cats Make Dangerous Pets on its website. For this document, the compiler searched for citations from multiple sources published between the years 1958 to 2008. The sources of information include peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, theses, annual reports, dissertations, books, monographs, and reviews. Some URLs are provided for documents available as eDocuments. The searches provide information in 14 different subject areas from anatomy to veterinary medicine, including information on conservation programs. Readers are cautioned as to the dynamic nature of the internet and the fact that Web addresses and content are subject to change. All sites are current as of November 2009. The National Agricultural Library (NAL) Services web page supplies information on how to request library materials that are included in its collection. Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge Jean Larson and Kristina Adams for their participation in the final editing and Sandra Ball for the Web publishing of this document. Their support is greatly appreciated. bigcats.shtml[11/25/2014 8:48:14 AM] Information Resources on Big Cats: Animal Welfare Information Center Back to Top Compiled by: Richard L. Crawford, D.V.M USDA. NAL. Animal Welfare Information Center. In cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Back to Top Last Modified: bigcats.shtml[11/25/2014 8:48:14 AM] Information Resources on Big Cats. Cheetahs - General: Animal Welfare Information Center / Cheetahs - General Printer Friendly Page << Table of Contents << Previous | Next >> Cheetahs General Anatomy Anesthesia and Analgesia Behavior Breeding and Reproduction Conditions and Diseases Conservation Diet and Nutrition Research Veterinary General Alexander, K.A., N.J. MacLachlan, P.W. Kat, C. House, S.J. O'Brien, N.W. Lerche, M. Sawyer, L.G. Frank, K. Holekamp, L. Smale, J.W. McNutt, M.K. Laurenson, M.G.L. Mills, and B.I. Osburn (1994). Evidence of natural bluetongue virus infection among African carnivores. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51(5): 568-576. ISSN: 0002-9637. Descriptors: African carnivores, virus infection, natural bluetongue, evidence, cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, lion, Panthera leo, shrews, rodents, dogs, cats, sheep, contaminated vaccine, BLU virus, mortality, abortion, meat, organs, ingestion, infected prey species. Augustus, P., K. Casavant, N. Troxel, R. Rieches, and F. Bercovitch (2006). Reproductive life history of South African cheetahs (Acynonyx jubatus jubatus) at the San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park, 1970-2005. Zoo Biology 25(5): 383-390. ISSN: 0733-3188. NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6 Descriptors: Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, cubs, zoo animals, reproduction, breeding, life history, females , age, litters, litter size, mortality, sex ratio, California, captive cheetahs, breeding program, reproductive performance. Averbeck, G.A., K.E. Bjork, C. Packer, and L. Herbst (1990). Prevalence of hematozoans in lions (Panthera leo) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26(3): 392-4. ISSN: 0090-3558. Abstract: Lions (Panthera leo) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) from the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area, Tanzania were examined for the presence of blood protozoans. Twenty-eight percent of the lions were infected with Trypanosoma sp. and the prevalence of trypanosome infection varied significantly between adjacent habitats. All of the animals were infected with Hepatozoon sp. and a Theileria sp.-like piroplasm that was morphologically indistinguishable from Theileria felis. Descriptors: lions, Panthera leo, cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, hematozoans, prevalence, Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, trypanosome infection, blood protozoans, Theileria felis. Tanzania. cheetah_general.shtml[11/25/2014 8:48:20 AM] Information Resources on Big Cats. Cheetahs - General: Animal Welfare Information Center Backues, K.A., J.P. Hoover, J.E. Bauer, M.T. Barrie, J. McCann, S. Citino, and R. Wallace (1997). Serum lipoprotein, thyroid hormone and resting cortisol levels in normal cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 28(4): 404-6. ISSN: 1042-7260. Abstract: Blood obtained from 20 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) during annual physical examinations was analyzed for serum lipid concentration, for lipoprotein distribution by agarose gel electrophoresis, and for thyroid hormone and resting cortisol levels by solid- phase radioimmunoassay to develop normal reference ranges. Descriptors: Acinonyx blood, hydrocortisone blood, lipoproteins blood, thyroid hormones blood, blood cell count veterinary, blood chemical analysis veterinary, electrophoresis agar gel, veterinary, radioimmunoassay veterinary, reference values. Backues, K.A., J.P. Hoover, J.E. Bauer, G.A. Campbell, and M.T. Barrie (1997). Hyperlipidemia in four related male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 28(4): 476- 80. ISSN: 1042-7260. Abstract: Hyperlipidemia was identified in an 11-yr-old male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and three related 3-yr-old male cheetah littermates. Hyperlipidemia in these four cheetahs was characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. The mean percentages of chylomicron and beta-lipoproteins were greater (P < 0.05) and the mean percent of alpha-lipoproteins was lower (P < 0.05) than the respective means for a group of 20 nonhyperlipidemic and clinically normal cheetahs. The etiology of the hyperlipidemia in these four cheetahs was not determined. However, the older cheetah also had chronic renal insufficiency and a parathyroid adenoma, conditions that have been associated with hyperlipidemia. Descriptors: male cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, blood profile of hyperlipidemias, cholesterol blood, chylomicrons, hyperlipidemias, hyperlipidemias genetics, lipoproteins, ldl blood, triglycerides in blood, veterinary care. Baron, T., P. Belli, J.Y. Madec, F. Moutou, C. Vitaud, and M. Savey (1997). Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah in France. Veterinary Record Journal of the British Veterinary Association 141(11): 270-271. ISSN: 0042-4900. NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641 Descriptors: cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, spongiform encephalopathy, symptoms, histopathology, prions, meat, bone meal, case studies, France, Great Britain. Bauer, J.E. (1997). Fatty acid metabolism in domestic cats (Felis catus) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatas). Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, The 56(3): 1013-24. ISSN: 0029-6651. Descriptors: cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, metabolism, cats metabolism, fatty acids metabolism, dietary fats administration and dosage, fatty acid desaturases metabolism, fatty acids, essential chemistry, fatty acids, essential metabolism, hyperlipidemias veterinary, lipids blood. Baxby, D., D.G. Ashton, D.M. Jones, and L.R. Thomsett (1982). An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: virological and epidemiological studies. Journal of Hygiene, The 89(3): 365-72. ISSN: 1438-4630. Abstract: This paper describes virological and epidemiological features of an infection which killed two of three affected cheetahs at Whipsnade Park in 1977. Two animals had profuse skin lesions and the third had an acute haemorrhagic pneumonia. The outbreak was shown to be caused by cowpox virus. Cowpox virus is believed to circulate in small wild animals, but the source of infection was not traced despite virological and serological tests on 93 captive and 102 wild animals. Sub-clinical infections did not occur in susceptible contact cheetahs.