Rapporter Reports 10/2013 • Lars Østby Norway’s population groups of developing countries’ origin Change and integration Reports 10/2013 Lars Østby Norway's population groups of developing countries' origin Change and integration Statistisk sentralbyrå • Statistics Norway Oslo–Kongsvinger Reports In this series, analyses and annotated statistical results are published from various surveys. Surveys include sample surveys, censuses and register-based surveys. © Statistics Norway Symbols in tables Symbol When using material from this publication, Statistics Category not applicable . Norway shall be quoted as the source. Data not available .. Published March 2013 Data not yet available … Not for publication : Nil - ISBN 978-82-537-8613-1 (printed) Less than 0.5 of unit employed 0 ISBN 978-82-537-8614-8 (electronic) Less than 0.05 of unit employed 0.0 ISSN 0806-2056 Provisional or preliminary figure * Subject: 00.02 og 02.01.10 Break in the homogeneity of a vertical series — Break in the homogeneity of a horizontal series | Print: Statistics Norway Decimal punctuation mark . Reports 10/2013 Norway's population groups of developing countries' origin Preface This publication is the Norwegian contribution to the project Scandinavia’s population groups of developing countries’ origin: Change and integration. This project has been a cooperation between the Immigration Authorities in Denmark, Statistics Norway and Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM) at Malmö University, Sweden, under coordination of scientific collaborator Miroslav Macura at IDEMO, University of Geneva. The project was funded by a grant from the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Norwegian work was sponsored by the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion and Statistics Norway. The tables on population are produced by Britt Bråten, on education by Geir Nygård, and on employment by Bjørn Olsen. Vebjørn Aalandslid has elaborated the figures on employment. The language editing is done by Silje Vatne Pettersen, and the publication is edited by Marit Berger Gundersen. All assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The project has collected statistics on key aspects of six groups originating from – Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Turkey and Vietnam – living in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The study examines key aspects of population dynamics and integration into host societies, in a comparative design, and makes use of the rich national register data on population, education and employment during the period 1999 to 2008. Statistisk sentralbyrå, 10. februar 2013. Hans Henrik Scheel Statistics Norway 3 Norway's population groups of developing countries' origin Reports 10/2013 Abstract The project, Scandinavia’s population groups of developing countries’ origin: Change and integration has collected statistics on key aspects of six groups originating from – Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Turkey and Vietnam – living in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The project is carried out in cooperation between the immigration authorities in Denmark, Statistics Norway and Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM) at Malmö University, and coordinated by Miroslav Macura the University of Geneva. It was financed by a grant from the Nordic Council of Ministers, and the participating organisations. Key aspects of population dynamics are studied for immigrants as well as for their descendants, along with three facets of integration into the host societies – change in demographic behavior, participation in the education system, and labor market integration during the period 1999 to 2008. The study makes extensive use of national register data, and constitutes one of the first efforts to conduct a comparative, policy relevant analysis for the same population groups across different host societies. Comparative analyses will be published by Malmö University and the University of Geneva later in 2013. After having presented the national setting, focusing on a broader period, economic situation and the predominant policies in related areas, population dynamics for the six population groups are analysed. The immigrant population and in particular our six groups in focus have been increasing through immigration as well as due to high birth numbers related to high fertility and young age structure. The Pakistani group is the largest, immigrants and descendants taken together, but the immigration from Iraq and Somalia during the decade gave larger numbers of immigrants from these two countries. The growth for these two groups with a short history in Norway is much faster than for the other, more mature groups. Duration of stay is a variable closely related to demographic behavior and integration of immigrant groups. The marital pattern is characterized by a clear tendency, although varying between the nationalities and generations, to marry someone of their own background. The descendants are still too young to make it possible to conclude how their marital pattern will be. Education is the basis for a successful integration. The level of participation is generally much higher for descendants than for immigrants, and varies less between the population groups for them. Quite naturally, immigrants who have arrived to Norway recently are not as frequently represented in the educational system as those who have stayed longer in the country and acquired linguistic and other skills necessary for successful participation in education. The gender difference in education is mostly in the same direction as among natives, more women than men are participating. Often female descendants are considered to be much more active than men in education, but for many groups the difference in rates between descendant men and natives are larger than the difference between female descendants and their native counterparts. The participation rates for descendants in tertiary education have been strongly increasing during our decade, bringing descendants from Vietnam to far higher participation rates than the natives in Norway. As full labour market participation is the aim for many integrational efforts, we have studied carefully how immigrants and descendants fare in the labour market. Employment prospects also for immigrants and descendants have been quite positive. Still, the participation rates for immigrants, and in particular immigrant women, are much lower than for the natives. One can hardly expect groups coming from countries with very different labour markets, and different traditions for female labour market participation, to be able to reach rates characteristic for countries with among the highest participation rates in the world. Young immigrants, and descendants, do better than the older immigrants. The gender gap for some countries (like Pakistan) is a sign that efforts to employ immigrant adult women have not be quite successful. The level economic inactivity is very high, especially among immigrants towards the end of their active period in the labour market, and among women. The difference in activity rates for natives shows that there is still a way to go before equal activity pattern is obtained. 4 Statistics Norway Reports 10/2013 Norway's population groups of developing countries' origin Sammendrag Prosjektet Scandinavia’s population groups of developing countries’ origin: Change and integration har samlet statistikk om seks grupper med bakgrunn i land i Asia og Afrika – Iran, Irak, Pakistan, Somalia, Tyrkia and Vietnam – bosatt i Danmark, Norge og Sverige. Prosjektet er gjennomført i samarbeid mellom Innvandringsmyndighetene i Danmark, Statistisk sentralbyrå og Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM) ved Malmö Universitet, koordinert av Miroslav Macura ved Universitet i Genève. Det ble finansiert av Nordisk Ministerråd og av de deltakende institusjoner. Prosjektet studerer de viktigste demografiske endringene som innvandrerne og deres etterkommere gjennomgår, sammen med tre aspekter ved integrering og inkludering – endring i demografisk atferd, deltakelse i utdanningssystemet, og på arbeidsmarkedet, i perioden 1998-2008. Studien bygger på omfattende bruk av data fra befolkningsregistre og andre register, og er ett av de første forsøkene på å gjennomføre komparative analyser av de samme innvandrergruppene i tre ulike innvandringsland. De komparative analysene vil bli publisert av Malmö Universitet og Universitetet i Genève seinere i 2013. Etter først å ha beskrevet relevante demografiske, økonomiske og politiske forhold i Norge i etterkrigstiden, gis en nærmere analyse av gruppenes demografiske dynamikk. Innvandrerbefolkningen, og særlig de seks gruppene vi ser på har vokst ved stor innvandring, og på grunn av mange fødsler som resultat av høy fruktbarhet og mange i fødedyktig alder. Innvandrere og etterkommere fra Pakistan utgjør den største gruppen i Norge, men det siste ti-året har den store innvandringen fra Somalia og Irak ført til at det nå er flest innvandrere fra disse landene, men antallet norskfødte med foreldre herfra er fortsatt mye mindre enn antallet med foreldre fra Pakistan. Innvandrere fra Somalia og Irak har i gjennomsnitt mye kortere botid enn andre grupper. Det store flertallet av innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrer- foreldre finner en partner med samme landbakgrunn når de gifter seg, selv om det er noen grupper som avviker noe fra dette mønsteret. Utdanning vil være et viktig grunnlag for en vellykket integrasjon. Deltakelsen i utdanning er vanligvis mye høyere for personer født i Norge