The present volume is number 1 in the series The Black Sea Archaeology in Translation published by Vest-Agder County Council and “Heritage of Millennia” Non-Profitable Foundation for History and Archaeology Foreword ISSN 1893-2134 Series editors: Igor’ Khrapunov and Frans-Arne Stylegar Vest-Agder County Council (Kristi - an sand, Norway) and “Heritage of Mil- lennia” Non-Profitable Foundation for History and Archaeology (Simferopol, Ukraine) have decided to undertake this series of publications under the gen- eral title of The Black Sea Archaeology Khrapunov, Igor’ N. The Crimea in the Early Iron Age: an ethnic history. in Translation. The incentives of this Simferopol – Kristiansand: Dolya Publishing House, 2012. 288 p. (Black Sea project are obvious: language barrier Igor’ Khrapunov Archaeology in Translation 1). prevents many experts from getting ac- Includes index and bibliographical references. quainted with achievements of the ar- chaeologists who study the Black Sea ISBN 978-966-366-533-7 sites and publish the results of their in- vestigations mainly in Russian. This book, the first in the planned se- The monograph presents a current view of the ethnic history of the Crimea in the Early ries, was published in Russian in 2004 Iron Age. The analysis of archaeological sources with attraction of written accounts allows the author to describe material culture of different tribes that populated the Crimea from (Хра­пунов­ И.­ Н.­ Этническая­ история­ the eighth century BC to the fifth century AD. Кры­ма­в­раннем­железном­веке­//­Бос­ The book is intended for historians, archaeologists, teachers and university students, as пор­ские­исследования.­Вып.­VI.­—­Сим­ well as for all those interested in the ancient history of the Crimean peninsula. Frans-Arne Stylegar фе­рополь;­Керчь,­2004.­—­237­с.). The present English edition includes amend- ments, sometimes important, to ref ect the most recent accomplishments of archaeol- Translation from Russian: Nikita Khrapunov ogy; all the illustrations are changed, and Design: Ol’ga Stepanova Maps: Maxim Levada in dex of place, ethnic and personal names, Book layout: Boris Prokopenko as well archaeological sites and cultures, are provided. Printed in: 2012.01.30 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- We sincerely hope that the new series 1 Format: 70 х 100 /16 duced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or of books will be helpful for the archae- Font: Times New Roman by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording ologists who can read English. Number of copies: 500 or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. © Igor’ Khrapunov, 2012 © Vest Agder County Council, 2012 Igor’­Khrapunov­and­ © “Heritage of Millennia” Frans­Arne­Stylegar Foundation, 2012 Series­Editors­ 3 Изображение этой страницы (титула) находится в отдельном файле в программе Corel The present volume is number 1 in the series The Black Sea Archaeology in Translation published by Vest-Agder County Council and “Heritage of Millennia” Non-Profitable Foundation for History and Archaeology ISSN 1893-2134 Series editors: Igor’ Khrapunov and Frans-Arne Stylegar Khrapunov, Igor’ N. The Crimea in the Early Iron Age: an ethnic history. Simferopol – Kristiansand: Dolya Publishing House, 2012. 288 p. (Black Sea Archaeology in Translation 1). Includes index and bibliographical references. ISBN 978-966-366-533-7 The monograph presents a current view of the ethnic history of the Crimea in the Early Iron Age. The analysis of archaeological sources with attraction of written accounts allows the author to describe material culture of different tribes that populated the Crimea from the eighth century BC to the fifth century AD. The book is intended for historians, archaeologists, teachers and university students, as well as for all those interested in the ancient history of the Crimean peninsula. Translation from Russian: Nikita Khrapunov Design: Ol’ga Stepanova Maps: Maxim Levada Book layout: Boris Prokopenko Printed in: 2012.01.30 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- 1 Format: 70 х 100 /16 duced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or Font: Times New Roman by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording Number of copies: 500 or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. © Igor’ Khrapunov, 2012 © Vest Agder County Council, 2012 © “Heritage of Millennia” Foundation, 2012 Foreword Vest-Agder County Council (Kristi - an sand, Norway) and “Heritage of Mil- lennia” Non-Profitable Foundation for History and Archaeology (Simferopol, Ukraine) have decided to undertake this series of publications under the gen- eral title of The Black Sea Archaeology in Translation. The incentives of this project are obvious: language barrier Igor’ Khrapunov prevents many experts from getting ac- quainted with achievements of the ar- chaeologists who study the Black Sea sites and publish the results of their in- vestigations mainly in Russian. This book, the first in the planned se- ries, was published in Russian in 2004 (Хра­пунов­ И.­ Н.­ Этническая­ история­ Кры­ма­в­раннем­железном­веке­//­Бос­ пор­ские­исследования.­Вып.­VI.­—­Сим­ Frans-Arne Stylegar фе­рополь;­Керчь,­2004.­—­237­с.). The pre sent English edition includes amend- ments, sometimes important, to ref ect the most recent accomplishments of archaeol- ogy; all the illustrations are changed, and in dex of place, ethnic and personal names, as well archaeological sites and cultures, are provided. We sincerely hope that the new series of books will be helpful for the archae- ologists who can read English. Igor’­Khrapunov­and­ Frans­Arne­Stylegar Series­Editors­ 3 Translation and Transliteration Certainly, there is a number of transliteration systems — each with its merits and demerits. Our intention was consistency — although it is hardly possible to be consistent in all the cases. For all the personal, ethnic and geographic names we used the common forms, for example provided by the Encyclopædia­Britannica. Because not every name and term used in this volume can be found in it, it was decided to transliterate them using the method of giving the closest equivalent to Greek, Russian, or Ukrainian pronunciation — similar to the patterns of the Chicago style or the Library of Congress. For example, for Russian alphabet: а – a б – b в – v г­– g д – d е­– ye (open syllable, or after soft and hard signs) or e (close syllable) ё – yo ж­– zh з – z и – i й – y к – k л – l м – m н – n о – o п – p р – r с – s т – t у – u ф – f х – kh ц – ts ч – ch ш – sh щ – shch ъ – ’ ы – y ь – ’ э – e ю – yu я – ya As for the colleagues’ names, there are few cases when we deviated from this pattern — if we definitely know that he or she prefers alternative spelling. And besides, sometimes scholars’ names are given in one form within the paper and in the other in bibliography. A sad but usual situation with people of East Slavonic origin. That is actually because different publishers use different systems of trans- literation. Names of Greek origin are transliterated from Greek (i. e. Tiberios Ioulios Eupatoros), of Latin — from Latin (Julius Caesar), except for those having tra- ditional spelling (Diocletian). A few exceptions are in long citations from prima- ry sources, where place names and ethnonyms are kept in the form provided by English translations of these sources. As for the origin of many place names in Eastern Europe it is not quite clear whether it is Russian or Ukrainian, and the pronunciations in these languages dif- fer, it is decided to use Russian as the basis. The names of archaeological sites are according to English forms of appropriate place names rather than to Russian adjectives derived from it (i. e. Nogaychi barrow and not Nogaychinskiy). A few words (mainly terms) that are absent in English are italicized. 4 Abbreviations CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum IOSPE I2 Latyshev B. Inscriptiones antiquae orae septentrionales Ponti Euxini graecae et latinae. Vol. I. Ed. 2. — Petropoli, MCMXVI. — 594 p. SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae АСГЭ Археологический сборник Государственного Эрмитажа ВДИ Вестник древней истории ВИ Вопросы истории ГИМ Государственный Исторический музей ДБК Древности Босфора Киммерийского, хранящиеся в Император ском музее Эрмитажа. Том первый. — СПб., MDCCCLIV. — 277 с. ЖМНП Журнал Министерства народного просвещения ЗООИД Записки Императорского Одесского общества истории и древностей ИАК Известия Императорской Археологической комиссии ИГАИМК Известия Государственной Академии истории материальной культуры ИИМК Институт истории материальной культуры ИРАИМК Известия Российской Академии истории материальной культуры ИТОИАЭ Известия Таврического общества истории, археологии и этнографии ИТУАК Известия Таврической учёной архивной комиссии КБН Корпус боспорских надписей. — М.; Л: Наука, 1965. — 951 с. КСИА Краткие сообщения Института археологии АН СССР КСИИМК Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной культуры МАИЭТ Материалы по археологии, истории и этнографиии Таврии МАР Материалы по археологии России МИА Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР НО Надписи Ольвии (1917–1965). — Л.: Наука, 1968. — 132 с. НЭ Нумизматика и эпиграфика ОАК Отчёты Императорской Археологической комиссии РА Российская археология СА Советская археология САИ Свод археологических источников СГЭ Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа СЭ Советская этнография 5 Introduction First accounts of written sources about the peoples who populated the Crimea date to the mid-first millennium BC. This is the case of the Taurians and the Scythians, later of the Sarmatians. Archaeological data allow researchers to study the history of these ethnoi even in more distant past. According to the archaeological periodisation of antiq- uity, their cultures belong to the Early Iron Age. The Scythians and later the Sarmatians were the main ethnopoliti- cal power in the south of Eastern Europe for longer than one thousand years. For them, the Crimea was a remote area. The history of the Taurians began and finished in the Crimea. According to all written and archaeological sources, they never passed the borders of the peninsula.