Development and design of a ship model for use in education and research Master’s thesis in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering EMILIE VORAA KJARTAN BAUGE Department of Shipping and Marine Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Master’s thesis 2016 Development and design of a ship model for Chalmers University of Technology for use in education and research Kjartan Bauge and Emilie Voraa Department of Shipping and Marine Technology Division of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Kjartan Bauge and Emilie Voraa Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Development and design of a ship model for Chalmers University of Technology for use in education and research. © Kjartan Bauge and Emilie Voraa, 2016. Supervisor: Per Hogström, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chalmers and Poul Andersen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DTU. Master’s Thesis 2016:X350 Department of Shipping and Marine Technology Division of Division Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Cover: Development and design of a ship model for use in education and research Name of printers/ Department of Shipping and Marine Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 i Abstract In this thesis a ship model for Chalmers University of Technology is developed. The model shall be used in research and education at the Department of Shipping and Marine Technology. The purpose was to develop a model that could compliment the courses thought at the maritime department at Chalmers, as well as the research. SSPA is maritime consultant company, ship model manufacturer and a test facility located in Gothen- burg, Sweden. Chalmers arrange yearly study visit to their test facilities as a part of the maritime educational program. These visits should complements the theoretical education and give the students hand-on experience. However, due to that most model tests are made confidential by the owner of the ship model, the students rarely get to participate in the model tests. For the same reason, the data from the tests are inaccessible and cannot be released to the students for further analysis. Therefor, Chalmers want to develop their own ship model. The thesis examines and describes the concept development, design of the hull and the design of the model itself. The report has been divided in three parts. The first part address the development of several concepts. It covers the investigation of the need for a ship model at Chalmers and the desired features the model should obtain. One concept is chosen and further developed in the next parts. The second part consider the design of the hull, and the third part cover the development of the model itself. The final result is 4.35 meter long ship model of a PCTC, which is specialised to do seakeeping and manoeuvring tests. In addition it has a large freeboard which makes it suitable to investigate intact stability. ii Preface This report is submitted to fulfil the requirement to the degree of Master of Science in Naval Archi- tecture and Ocean Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology. The work of the thesis was carried out during the spring of 2016. The scope of the project was developed in collaboration with our supervisors Senior lecture Per Hogström from Chalmers and Associate Professor Poul Andersen from DTU. The thesis is written by Kjartan Bauge and Emilie Voraa. We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisors Per Hogström and Poul Andersen for their guidance and support during this thesis. We would also like to thank Gabrielle Mazza, Nicolas Bath- field and Jonny Nisbet at SSPA for sharing their knowledge and their patience during the completion of this thesis. A special thank you to Fabian Tillig for highly appreciated guidance in the software Shipflow, your quality feedback and for the several hours of troubleshooting. Last, we would like give our warmest gratitude to all the personnel and lecturers who willingly let us interview them for this thesis; Poul Andersen, Rickard Bensow, Per Hogström, Carl-Erik Janson, Olle Lindmark, Bengt Ramne, Jonas Ringsberg, Martin Schreuder, Jan Skoog and Linda de Vries. Your thoughts and knowledge have been of great value. Göteborg, May 2016 Kjartan Bauge & Emilie Voraa iv Abbreviations CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics COG Centre of Gravity COB Centre of Buoyancy ConRo Vehicle to carry Containers and Roll on Roll off DNV GL Det Norske Veritas Germanske Lloyd DOF Degrees of Freedom DTC Duisburg Test Case DTU Technical University of Denmark IACS International Association of Classification Sicieties Ltd. IMO International Maritime Administration ITTC International Towing Tank Conference JONSWAP Joint North Sea Wave Project KCS KRISO Container Vessel KRISO Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering KVLCC KRISO Very Large Crude Carrier LCB Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy LCF Longitudinal Centre of Flotation LCG Longitudinal Centre of Gravity MCT Moment to Change Trim MDL Maritime Dynamics Laboratory MPNAV Master Programme in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering NURB Non-uniform rational Basis spline PCC Pure Car Carriers PCTC Pure Car Truck Carrier PMM Planar Motion Mechanism PSS Pre-Swirl Stator RAO Response Amplitude Operator ROC Rank Order Centroid Method RoLo Roll on/ lift off RoPax Cars and passengers RPM Revolutions per Minute SAC Sectional Area Curve SEK Swedish Kroner STL Stereo Lithography Trimesh TCG Transverse Centre of Gravity TPC Tonnes per centimetre immersion ULCV Ultra Large Container Vessel VCG Vertical Centre of Gravity v Nomenclature Symbol Unit Designation m a [ s2 Vertical acceleration m acrit [ s2 Critical vertical acceleration B [m] Breadth of the vessel BM [m] Breadth of the model CB - Block coefficient CP - Prismatic coefficient CM - Midship section coefficient CWP - Water plane area coefficient D [m] Depth of the vessel Dprop [m] Diameter of propeller Fn - Froude number m g [ s2 ] Gravitational forces GM [m] Metacentric height GZ [m] Righting lever arm KG [m] Keel to center of Gravity KB [m] Keel to center of Buoyancy LE [m] Length of entrance LM [m] Length of model LR [m] Length of run LP [m] length of parallel midbody Lpp [m] Length between Perpendiculars Loa [m] Length Over All Re - Reynolds number Rx [m] Radius of gyration, model x-dir. Ry [m] Radius of gyration, model y-dir. Rz [m] Radius of gyration, model z-dir. t - Thrust deduction factor T [m] Draft of the vessel Tp [s] Zero-upcrossing period Tp [s] Mean of the zero-upcrossing period m VS [ s ] Speed of the vessel m VM [ s ] Speed of the model w - Wake fraction Wn - Weber number Xg [m] Centre of gravity, model x-dir. Yg [m] Centre of gravity, model y-dir. Zg [m] Centre of gravity, model z-dir. vi m2 m0a [ s4 Variance of the acceleration energy spectrum ∆ [tonnes] Mass displacement of the vessel ∇ [m3] Volume displacement of the vessel η - Efficiency N γ [ m ] Surface tension kg ρ [ m3 ] Density of the fluid kg ρd [ m3 ] Density H100 Divinycell m2 S(ωe) [ rad/sec ] Response energy spectrum m2 Sζ (ωe) [ rad/sec Wave spectrum ζ [m] Wave amplitude φ ◦ Heeling angle rad ωe [ s ] Encounter frequency vii Contents Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Report Outline........................................1 1.2 SSPA and model testing...................................2 2 Concept development5 2.1 Methodology.........................................5 2.1.1 Gathering of information..............................5 2.1.2 Processing of information..............................6 2.1.3 Evaluation of concepts................................ 10 2.2 Result............................................. 11 2.2.1 Presentation of concepts............................... 11 2.2.2 Decision of concept.................................. 20 2.3 Discussion........................................... 23 2.4 Conclusion.......................................... 25 3 Hull design 27 3.1 Methodology......................................... 27 3.1.1 Reference ships.................................... 27 3.1.2 Literature and empirical formula’s......................... 29 3.1.3 Shape of the hull................................... 34 3.1.4 Modeling of the hull................................. 38 3.1.5 Hydrostatic & stability............................... 42 3.1.6 Resistance & flow................................... 42 3.1.7 Seakeeping...................................... 43 3.2 Results............................................. 46 3.2.1 Reference Ships.................................... 46 3.2.2 Main dimensions................................... 46 3.2.3 Hull design...................................... 47 3.2.4 Hydrostatic & Stability............................... 50 3.2.5 Resistance & flow................................... 52 3.2.6 Seakeeping...................................... 56 3.3 Discussion........................................... 58 3.3.1 Main dimensions................................... 58 3.3.2 Shape of the hull................................... 59 3.3.3 Performance of the hull............................... 59 3.4 Conclusion.......................................... 61 4 Development of the model 63 4.1 Methodology......................................... 63 4.1.1 Scaling of the model................................. 63 4.1.2 Mass properties of the model............................ 65 4.1.3 Changeable parts................................... 66 4.2 Results............................................. 67 4.2.1 Scaling of the model................................