Manu narratives of Polynesia A comparative study of birds in 300 traditional Polynesian stories Raphael Richter-Gravier Volume III A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand And l’Université de la Polynésie française, Tahiti March 2019 Table of contents Appendix 2: The birds of Polynesia 3 Language codes (ISO 639-3) 5 Table of scientific, English, French and Polynesian names of Polynesian bird species 6 Index by English name 31 Index by Polynesian name 37 Sources 62 Bird images 65 Appendix 3: Analysing oral traditions and animal stories 205 List of references 223 1 2 Appendix 2: The birds of Polynesia The table of scientific, English, French and Polynesian names of Polynesian bird species and its two subsequent indices (index by English name and index by Polynesian name) contain the names of 358 bird species (and one order, the Dinornithiformes). The sources listed on pp. 62-64 were used to compile this appendix. Polynesian names in the fourth column of the table are accompanied by a language code;1 the list of Polynesian language codes features on p. 5. The table contains most of the bird species present in Polynesia. Only those for which a name in a Polynesian language is attested in the sources appear in this table. Names for the young (juveniles) of a particular species and most names of non-Polynesian origin (in par- ticular for languages such as West Uvean and Mele-Fila) have been excluded. Bird species introduced by Europeans from the 18th century onwards, and for which a Polynesian name may exist, are not included either. The table and the two indices are followed by a section containing 139 images of bird species. Only the species that feature in the narratives of the corpus appear in that section. The images are accompanied by the numbers of the stories in which the species features. The species are alphabetised by their scientific name. Excluded from that section are instances where the species of a bird mentioned in a story cannot be precisely identified, either because the vernacular name of the bird does not correspond with an identifiable species, or because the story only mentions a generic name (e.g. ‘a pigeon’, ‘a cormorant’) that could designate more than three different species. In ten instances, two bird species have been placed together on the same page. This is generally because it is not known which species is meant in the stories, as both often bear the same name in a given Polyne- sian language. In this appendix, English names of bird species are as they appear in Gill and Donsker (2017), which does not make use of macrons (to represent long vowels) or reversed apos- trophes (to represent glottal stops) and uses American English spelling. Alphabetisation in 1 Because Moriori is an extinct language and is most closely related to Māori (MRI), Moriori bird names are accompanied by the language code MRI. Moriori and Niuatoputapu are the only two Polynesian languages to have become extinct in post-European times (Clark 1994:123,133,n.1). 3 the index by Polynesian name does not take into account vowel length or glottal stops, and ng and wh are alphabetised as combinations of letters, not as single graphs. 4 Language codes (ISO 639-3) AUD Anuta (Taranga paka-Anuta) PKP Pukapukan AUT Austral (Reo Ra‘ivavae, Reo PMT Tuamotuan (Reo Pa‘umotu) Rimatara, Reo Rurutu, Reo Tupua‘i) PNH Penrhyn (Tongarevan) FUD East Futunan (Faka futuna) RAP Rapa Nui (Pascuan) FUT Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan) RAR Cook Islands Māori (Rarotongan) HAW Hawaiian (‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) RAY Rapa KPG Kapingamarangi (Kirinit) RKH Rakahanga-Manihiki MMW Emae SKY Sikaiana MNV Rennellese (Rennell-Bellona, Mugaba/Munggava, Mugiki/Mungiki) SMO Samoan (Gagana Sāmoa) MQM South Marquesan (‘Eo ‘enata) TAH Tahitian (Reo Tahiti) MRI Māori TKL Tokelauan MRQ North Marquesan (‘Eo ‘enana) TKP Tikopia MRV Mangarevan TON Tongan (Lea faka-Tonga) MXE Mele-Fila (Ifira-Mele) TVL Tuvaluan (Te Gagana Tuuvalu) NHO Takū UVE West Uvean (Fagauvea) NIU Niuean (Vagahau Niuē) WLS East Uvean (Wallisian, Faka‘uvea) NKR Nukuoro NUQ Nukumanu NUR Nuguria (Nukuria) OJV Luangiua (Ontong Java) PIV Vaeakau-Taumako (Pileni) 5 Table of scientific, English, French and Polynesian names of Polynesian bird species (Key: † = extinct, m. = male, f. = female, ? = uncertain) Acanthisitta chloris Rifleman Xénique grimpeur tītitipounamu, titipounamu, kikimutu, kōhurehure, kotikotipa, kōtipatipa, kōtitititi, momotawai, mōutuutu, hōutuutu, momoutu, muhumuhu, pihipihi, pipiriki, piripiri, tokepiripiri, toirua, kōrurerure (f.), tāpahipare (m.) (MRI) Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Autour australien taba (MNV) Acrocephalus atyphus Tuamotu Reed Warbler Rousserolle des kōtiotio, kokikokiko Tuamotu (PMT) Acrocephalus caffer Tahiti Reed Warbler Rousserolle à long bec ‘ōtātare, manu ‘ofe, ruru (TAH) Acrocephalus kerearako Cook Reed Warbler Rousserolle des Cook kereārako (RAR, in Mangaia), ka‘oko (RAR, in Miti‘āro) Acrocephalus mendanae Southern Marquesan Rousserolle des kōma‘o (MQM) Reed Warbler Marquises Acrocephalus percernis Northern Marquesan Rousserolle de Nuku kōmako (MRQ) Reed Warbler Hiva Acrocephalus rimatarae Rimatara Reed Warbler Rousserolle de oromao (AUT) Rimatara Acrocephalus syrinx Carolinian Reed Warbler Rousserolle des manu-i-te-bua (NKR) Carolines Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Chevalier guignette mugikaakoni, mungikaakoni (MNV) tirikaakoni, tautau, taotao, taatao (NHO) tiritavoi (NUQ) murikakoni, murikonikoni (NUR) kilikavoi (OJV) tuli? (PIV) kolili (TKP) Aerodramus Tahiti Swiftlet Salangane de la Société ‘ōpe‘a (TAH) leucophaeus Aerodramus ocistus Marquesan Swiftlet Salangane des kope‘a (MQM) Marquises kopeka (MRQ) Aerodramus sawtelli Atiu Swiftlet Salangane de Cook kōpeka (RAR) Aerodramus White-rumped Swiftlet Salangane à croupion pekapeka (FUD) spodiopygius blanc kapkapa? (FUT) pekapeka (MMW) kagamu‘a, kangamu‘a (MNV) pekapeka (NIU) pe‘ape‘a (SMO) pekepeka (TON) pekapeka (WLS) Aerodramus Uniform Swiftlet Salangane de Vanikoro pekapeka (MMW) vanikorensis kagamu‘a, kangamu‘a (MNV) 6 pakalili (TKP) Akialoa ellisiana † Oahu Akialoa Hémignathe à long bec ‘akialoa, ‘akihi loa, ‘i‘iwi, kipi (HAW) Akialoa lanaiensis † Maui-nui Akialoa Hémignathe de Lanai ‘akialoa, ‘akihi loa (HAW) Akialoa obscura † Lesser Akialoa Hémignathe akialoa ‘akialoa, ‘akihi loa (HAW) Akialoa stejnegeri † Kauai Akialoa Hémignathe de Kauai ‘akialoa, ‘akihi loa (HAW) Alopecoenas beccarii Bronze Ground Dove Gallicolombe de tuu (MNV) Beccari Alopecoenas Polynesian Ground Gallicolombe itikoe (MRV) erythropterus Dove érythroptère tūtururū (PMT) ‘ū‘ū‘aira‘o, ‘amaho (TAH) Alopecoenas rubescens Marquesan Ground Gallicolombe des otue (MQM) Dove Marquises kotue (MRQ) Alopecoenas stairi Tongan Ground Dove Gallicolombe de Stair tūkele (FUD) tū, tūtautifa (m.), tū‘aimeo (f.) (SMO) tū (TON) Anarhynchus frontalis Wrybill Pluvier anarhynque ngutu parore, ngutu pare (MRI) Anas acuta Northern Pintail Canard pilet koloa māpu (HAW) Anas aucklandica Auckland Teal Sarcelle brune tētē whero (MRI) Anas chlorotis Brown Teal Sarcelle de Nouvelle- pāteke, tarawhatu, tei, Zélande tokitoki (MRI) Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler Canard souchet koloa mohā (HAW) toloa (TVL) Anas gracilis Grey Teal Sarcelle australasienne ghabanagi mai Hatuhoa, ghabanaghi mai Hatuhoa (MNV) tētē, tētē moroiti, tētē wai, pohoriki (MRI) Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Canard colvert toloa (TVL) Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Canard bridé kuruwhengu, kuruwhengi, papaunguungu, pāteke, pūtaitai, wetawetangū (MRI) Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Canard à sourcils toroa (AUD) mo‘ora (AUT) tolo‘a (FUD) ngarei?, tāroa? (FUT) doloo? (KPG) ghabanagi, ghabanaghi (MNV) pārera, māunu, karakahia (MRI) muunuki (MXE) toloa (PKP) mokorā (PMT) mokorā vai (PNH) mokorā rere-vao (RAR) mokora (RAY) toloa (SMO) mo‘orā, mo‘orē (TAH) toloa (TKL) toroa (TKP) toloa (TON) toloa (UVE) 7 toloa (WLS) Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck Canard des Hawaï koloa (HAW) Anous minutus Black Noddy Noddi noir rakia (AUD) gogo (FUD) noio, ‘eki‘eki, laehina (HAW) manu-delegia (KPG) gogo? (MMW) lakia, rakia (NHO) legia (NKR) lakia (NUQ) rakia (NUR) leia (OJV) lakia (PKP) kīkiriri (PMT) rakia (PNH) ngōio (RAR) rakie (RKH) lekia (SKY) gogouli (SMO) lakia (TKL) rakia (TKP) ngongo (TON) taketake, lakia (TVL) gogo (WLS) Anous stolidus Brown Noddy Noddi brun ngao (AUD) oio (AUT) gogo (FUD) noio kōhā (HAW) manu-duwwoongo (KPG) gogo? (MMW) ngongo (MNV) ko‘io, noio (MQM) ko‘io, noio (MRQ) ngoio (MRV) nnoo, nono (NHO) gogo (NIU) ngongo (NKR) noo (NUQ) nono (NUR) ngo‘o (OJV) ngongo (PIV) ngongo (PKP) ngoio (PMT) ngōio (PNH) tuao (RAP) ngōio (RAR) ngoio (RAY) ngōio (RKH) nono (SKY) gogo (SMO) ‘ōio, ‘oā (TAH) gogo (TKL) ngongo (TKP) ngongo (TON) gogo, uī (TVL) gogo (WLS) Anthornis Chatham Bellbird Méliphage de Chatham kōmako (MRI) melanocephala † Anthornis melanura New Zealand Bellbird Méliphage carillonneur korimako, korihako, 8 kōmako, kōmakohuariki, makomako, kōhoimako, kōhorimako, kōkōmako, tītīmako, tītōmako, tukumako, tutumako, kōpaopao, para, kōparapara, rearea, kotaiahu, kēkerematua (m.), kerekerematātu (m.), tītapu (f.), kōpara (f.), tōtōaireka (f.) (MRI) Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pipit Pipit de Nouvelle- pīhoihoi, whioi, hīoi, Zélande kātaitai, whāioio, manu kahaki (MRI) Aplonis atrifusca Samoan Starling Stourne de Samoa fuia, fuialaeō (SMO) Aplonis cantoroides Singing Starling Stourne chanteur ghaapilu, ghaapilughae, manusa‘aki (MNV) Aplonis cinerascens Rarotonga Starling Stourne de Rarotonga ‘ī‘oi (RAR) Aplonis feadensis Atoll Starling