UC Santa Cruz Reprint Series Title National Electoral Choices in Rural Mexico Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97g2k65h Author Fox, Jonathan A Publication Date 1996 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California çb ño R TORMING COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SEMINAR SERIES teminars at Coìumbia Universig, welcomes rhis srudy ^. *"9ï-Iï:l!lMtl"o: Agrarian ?r:Try:rg Refonn edited by Laira Randall to the Co_ MrxICo'S rumbra unrversity Seminars Series. The study has benefited nar from-"*"n""g" beÃì_ discussions and reflects the advantages of ,lÀoiurfy provided by the Seminar Movement. Aaron W. ACnARIAN Wamer Direclor, University Seminars Columbia University THE FT]TURE OF AMERICÂN BANKING RBTORM R. Jaítes Ba h, R. Dan Btunúiu&h,lr., anrl Roberî E. Litan THE EVOLUTION OFU.S. FINANCE. VOLIJME I FEDERAL RESERVE MONE,IARy polrcy: 191S_193S JqneW. D'Arista THE EVOLUTION OFU,S. TIN.ANCq VOLUME II RËSTRUCTURING INSTITUTIONS AND MARKET; løneW. D,Arista Laura Randall HOW CREDIT"MONEY SHAPES THE ECONOMY THE UNITED SlATES IN A GLOBAL SYSTEM Editor Roberl Guttmann THE ANTITRUST IMPULSI, VOLUMES IAND II AN ECONOMIC. HISTORICAI. AND LECALAN'LiìIS p. T heod ore Koual û, ed i tor FROM MALTHUS TO THE CLUB OF ROMEAND BACK-- PRoBLEMS OF LIMITS rO cnowrH, ponulnrrõ¡v CONTROL, AND MIGR,A]'IONS ú Paul Neurøth FI TOW,ARD SUSTAINÀBLE DEVELOPMENT? STRUGGLING OVER INDIA'S NARMADA RIVER a Wi\ia F. FisheL editot D[BT, CRISIS, ÁND RICOVERY THE r93OS AND T'HE 19905 $rI.E. Sharpe Albert G. Hatt and petry Mehrting Armonk, New York CHTq,NGING STRUCTURE O[ MEXICO London, England POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PRósPECl'S l-aúru Randoll,edìtot REFORMING MEXICO'S A,GRARIAN REFORM Iauru R¡ndall,editot Copyright O t996 by M, E. Sharpe, lhc, AII rights reserved, No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any fornl without w¡¡ttcn permissron fionì tlto publisher, i . e. Slarpe, Iíc., park 80 Busincss Dr¡ve, Armonk, Ncw york I0504. Contents Llbrâry of Congrc$s Cat¡loglngln_publicat¡on Data Reforming Mcxico,s agmrian rcform / Laura Randall. editor_ p. cm.--{Columbia University seminar serìes) Papers presented at a conferencc held at Columbia University. Apr. 6_?. 1995, List ofTables and Figures which was sponsored by the University Sem¡nars ofColulnbia ¡x Univcrsitv anrl List ofContdbutors lhc lnstirute ofLatin and lbcrian Studies. xiii lncludcs bibliographical^rncric¿n rcfe¡enccs and index. ISBN I-56324-643-{ (âtk. Int¡oduction paper).-tSBN t-56324-644_9 (pbk. : alk. paper) l. L Land rcfoml_Mexico-{ongresscs. Laura Rundall I. Randâl¡, Laurâ. --- ll. Columb¡a Univers¡ty. Univcrsity Scminars. 2. Opening Remarks lll. Columbia University. Instirule ol'LaliD American and IberiaD Stud¡es. Aaron ll,, lVarner ll IV. Serics. HD t333.t\,t6R445 r996 Panel 333.3'ti2-4c20 I: Int¡oduction to Land Refom 9r2s77 t CIP 3. Introduction to Panel I Carlolq Botey 15 printed ¡n the United State$ ofA¡¡crica 4. The Agrarian Policies and ldeas of the Revolutionary Mexican The paper used in this publication mcsts the minimum requirements of Factions Led by Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Venustiano Anorican Nst¡onal Standard for lnfornration Scienccs_ Carranza Pcrma encc ofpape¡ for printed Library Materials, ANSt Z 39.48_t984. FriedrichKatz Zl 5. Mexican Land Reform, 1934-91: Success or Failu¡e? @ øtill¡an C, îhiesenhusen 35 6. Recent Changes in the Mexican Constitution and Thet lmpact Bl\4 (c) l0 9 I 7 6 S 4 3 2 I on the Agrarian Reform BM(p) I0 9 I 7 6 s 4 j 2 I Jorge Luis Ibarra Mendívil 49 7. Panel I. Introduction to Land Reform: Discussion On thc Covcr: 6l "A F'east olCooked Cor¡r" Panel II: The Reproduced with pcrmission from Univcrsity ofCalifornia press Economic Consequences of Land Reform: (Elizabeth Loses? Boone; Zelia Nuttall. Codcx lvlagliabechiano, 2 Volumes, Who Gains, Who one i¡lustration. Copyright O 1983 the Regcnts ofthe University of Calrfornia,) 8. Introduction to Panel Il K¡tsten Appendíni 65 Ji 9. Ejido Sector Refo¡ms: From Land Reform to Rural DeveloDment A I a i n de Janvry. El i sabeth Sadoulet, 20. Reforming Forests: From Communitv Benj ar;,;b;;;r:;;; b;:åi;., 7l Forests to Gordillo de Anda Corporate Forest¡y in Mexico Matthew B. lVexler and Døvid Barton Bray l0 An Opinion Survey in the Countryside_lgg4 Dan¡cI pat¡ Lovarrubiqs äo 2l. Thc Ecological Consequences of the 1992 Agtarian Law of Mexico ll. Appropriate Agricultural Credit; A Missing piece Victor M. Toledo Reform in Mexico of Agrarian 247 David Myhre 22. Panel IV Land Use tt7 and the Environment: Discussion ¿ot 12. Panel ll-The Economic Consequences Panel V: Land Reform. properfy Rights, Gender, of Land Refo¡m: 139 and Migration l¡\tro Gains, Who Loses? Discussion 23. l /hat's at Stake? The Reform of Agrarian Reform in Mexico Panel III: Land Refonn, Agrarian Linda Green Organizations,-- -' -^'-and 267 the Structure of Mexican p"otitics 24. The Changing Configuration of property Rights Ilnder 13. Int¡oduction to panel Ill Ejido Reform Merilee S. Grindle Luin Golclring t4s 271 | 4 Impact,of Reforms to Article 25. Too Little, Too Late? 2Z on Chiapas; peasant Resistance The lmpact of Article 27 on Women in the Neoliberal public Sphe¡e in Oax¿ca Neil Hqmev Lynn Stephen ,51 2gg 15. A PeÌsistent Ru¡al Leviathan 26, U.S.-Bound Migration and the Futurc of the Eiido: Chaneins Armando Bartra Pragmatic Commitments to fhe Eiido Amongbtffur"r,t 173 è"Jårts of Villagers in a Hamlet in Michoacán - ló, Natioìnat Electo¡al Choices in Rural Meúco Sergio Zendejas Jonathan Fox lgj 27. property Panel V Land Reform, Rights, Gende, and Migration: I 7. Panel IiL Land Reform, As¡arian Organizations, Discussion , and ZII 323 the Structure of Mexican p"olitics: Diiussion Glossary 327 panel Land Index IV Use and the Environment 331 About the Edito¡ I8. Of 343 Land'Ienure, Forests, ând Wate¡: The Impact of the Reforms to Article 2Z on the Mexican Environment David Børton Bray 2ls 19. Camp_esinos, WateI, and the State: Different Views of La tansferencia Scou lyhiteford and Francisco A. Bernal 223 List of Tables and Figures Tables l.l Land Use and Tenu¡e by General Type, 1988 6 9.1 TypoJogy ofEjidatarios by Geographical Region, 1990and 1994 j7 9.2 Changes iû the A¡ea in Com, 1990-94 78 9.3 Com Production Technology by Farm Sizs, 1990 and 1994 80 9.4 Characteristics ofCom Producers According to Their Relations to the Com Market, 1994 82 9.5 Sources ofCredit by Farm Sizc, 1994 83 9.6 Membenhip in Organizations, 1990-94 86 9.7 Sources oflncome by Farm Size, 1994 88 9.8 Migration by Farm Sizo, 1994 89 9.9 Income Equations, by Fann Size 92 9,10 Incomc Equations, by Ethnicity 95 9.rl Income Equations, Nonpoor vs, Poor 99 1l. t Bank Credit for the Agricultural Sector, 1988-93 123 lt.2 FIRA Credit Activities, 1988-93 125 .3A Access to Agricultural Credit During l99l in Mexico 126 l l.3B Access to Agricultural Credit During 1991 in Chiapas 127 I l.3C Access to Agriculturâl Credit During l99l in Jalisco 128 11.3D Access to Agricultural Credit Durìng l99l inEdo. deMéxico 129 r l.3E Access to Agricultural Credit During 1991 in Sinaloa 130 Û.4 BANRURAL Financing, 1988-93 130 I t.5 Proportion ofTotal A¡ea Sown to Maize Financcd by BANRIJRA.I, l3l l l.6 BANRURAL Financing, 1988-92 t3l I l,7 PRONASOL Financing, 1990-93 t32 16. I Electoral Violations in the 1994 Mexican P¡esidential Elections; Natioüal, Urban, and RuÌal 192 16.2 Violations ofBallot Secrecy in the 1994 Mexican P¡esidential Elections: National. Urban. and Ru¡al 193 iõ;,; I,IST OF TÁRI,DS AND F'IOURES LIST OF TÁßLES AND FIQURES xi t6,3 Sou¡ces ofP¡essurc on Voters i¡ì tlìe 1994 Mexican presidential t6.4 Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Chiapas: Political Party Presence in 205 Elections: National, U¡ban, and Ru¡al t94 Indigenous Municipios 16.4 Two Pattems of Electoral Violations r95 zl.l Total Population and Agricultulal Population (Deñned as All t6.5 Pe¡centage ofPolling places with politicâl party Reprcscntatives t97 Persons Depcnding fo¡ TheirLivelihood on Agriculture, Forestry, t6.6 States with Less Than 80 percent party Opposirion Coverage 198 Hunting, and Fishing) in 1950, 1970, 1980, and 1990 249 t6.'t States \À/ith More Thau percent party 90 Opposition Coverage t99 2r.2 Total Population arrd Agricultural Population in 1990 for the Main 16.8 State Dist¡ibution populat¡on 2s0 ofthe National Indigenous 200 Regions of the World t6,9 Pollingllaces political Covered by parties in Municipalities with 21.3 Energetic (Output/lnput) Anâlysis of Different Types of Agricul- Morc Than population 25t 5 Percent Indigenous 20t tural Systems for I Ha ofCom )t 1 Basic Differences Between thc peasant ârld Á,g¡o_industrial Modes as Indicated by Nine Main Features 248 )1 a Pcasant Small-Scale Population in 1990 for Seventecn Selccted Count¡ies 2L3 Number ofHoldings and Owned A¡ea in l99l for the peasant (Community-Bâsed), Private, and Mixed Sectors in Ru¡al Mexico 253 2t.4 Private Propcrty Sizcs { in Hectares) Allowcd by the Formcr and tlìe Prese¡ìt Mex¡can Agrarian Laws 256 26.1 Loîal Populat¡on and Acccss ro Ejido Agricultural parcels, Ericuaro. I936-60 26.2 Local Populatjon and Access lo Ejido Agricultural parcels, Ericuaro, 1950-91 3ll 26.3 parcels Distribution of Ejido Among Groups of Ejidatarios, Erícuaro, I950. 1965. and t979 314 26.4 parcels Distribution of Ejido Among Croups of Ejidatarios, Erícuaro, 1979 and Early 1995 318 Figures 9.I Sources oflncome byFarm Size 88 9.2 Percant Change in Income price by Scenario 94 9.3 Percent Change in Income by Sourcc, 1995 94 9.4 Percent Charge in lncomc pricc by Scenario 97 9,5 Percent Change in Income by Source, 1995 97 9.6 Percent price Changc in Income by Scenario l0l 9.7 Percent Change in Income by Source, 1995 l0l ,U t Oaxaca: Political pârty presence in Indigenous Municipios 202 162 Veracruz: Political party prcsence in Indigenous Municipios 203 16.3 Chiapas; Political party prcsence in Indigenous Municipios 204 T 184 ntrFORMtNC MEXICO'S /IGRARIAN RIiFoRM righl lo the premium was cquivalent, fo¡ many, to making a¡r electoral commit- L6 ment;while, of course, this promise need not have been kept, the risk was that overscers ofthe vote-which, in tho countryside, is secret only under exceptional JoNtrHaN Fox circr.xlrstaDces would make "traitors" pay.