The Theory of the State Johann Kaspar Bluntschli Authorised English Translation from the Sixth German Edition Batoche Books Kitchener 2000 Johan Kaspar Bluntschli (March 7, 1808–October 21, 1881) The Theory of the State First published in German in 1875 as Lehre vom modernen Stat. First English Edition published 1895. This edition published 2000, by Batoche Books, 52 Eby Street South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 3L1. Canada. email: [email protected]. ISBN: 1-55273-040-9. Contents Translators’ Preface ........................................................................... 7 Introduction .......................................................................................11 Chapter I: Political Science .............................................................. 12 Chapter II: Scientific Methods ......................................................... 15 Chapter III: General and Special Political Science .......................... 19 Book I: The Conception of the State............................................. 21 Chapter I: The Conception and Idea of the State. The General Con- ception of The State ................................................................... 22 Chapter II: The Human Idea of the State. The Universal Empire .... 30 Chapter III: History of the Development of Idea of The State. The Ancient World............................................................................ 39 Chapter IV: The Middle Age ............................................................ 43 Chapter V: The Modern Idea of The State ....................................... 50 Chapter VI: Chief differences of the Modern Conception of the State from the Ancient and Mediaeval. .....................................57 Chapter VII: Development of Different Theories of the State .......... 63 Book II: The Fundamental Conditions of the State in the Nature of Men and of Nations ............................................................. 73 Chapter I: Mankind. The Races of Men, and Families of Nations... 74 Chapter II: The Conceptions ‘People’ And ‘Nations’ ...................... 79 Chapter III: The Rights of Nationalities .......................................... 85 Chapter IV: Nationality, as a Principle in the Formation of States .. 88 Chapter V: Society ........................................................................... 98 Chapter VI: Tribes ......................................................................... 101 Chapter VII: Castes ....................................................................... 103 Chapter VIII: Privileged Classes or Estates ................................... 107 Chapter IX: The Clergy .................................................................. 111 Chapter X: The Nobility .................................................................116 Chapter XI: The Nobility ............................................................... 123 Chapter XII: The German Nobility. (1) Princes ............................. 129 Chapter XIII: The German Nobility. (2) Knights ........................... 134 Chapter XIV: The Citizens............................................................. 138 Chapter XV: The Peasants ............................................................. 145 Chapter XVI: Slavery and its Abolition ......................................... 149 Chapter XVII: Principle of Modern Classes .................................. 154 Chapter XVIII: Survey Of Modern Classes ................................... 157 Chapter XIX: The Relation of the State to the Family ................... 165 Chapter XX: The Relation of the State to the Family .................... 171 Chapter XXI: Relation of the State to Individuals ......................... 175 Chapter XXII: Relation of the State to Individuals ........................ 180 Book III: The Conditions of The State in External Nature. ..... 185 Chapter I: Climate.......................................................................... 186 Chapter II: Natural Features .......................................................... 190 Chapter III: The Fertility of The Soil ............................................. 193 Chapter IV: The Land .................................................................... 197 Chapter V: Territorial Sovereignty ................................................. 202 Chapter VI: Division of the Country .............................................. 205 Chapter VII: The Relation of The State to Private Property .......... 208 Book IV: The Rise and Fall of the State ..................................... 213 Chapter I: Introduction................................................................... 214 Chapter II: Historical Formations .................................................. 216 Chapter III: Secondary Formations ................................................ 220 Chapter IV: Derived Formations .................................................... 226 Chapter V: Fall of States ................................................................ 228 Chapter VI: Speculative Theories .................................................. 231 Chapter VII: The State as a Divine Institution............................... 233 Chapter VIII: The Theory of Force ................................................ 238 Chapter IX: The Theory of Contract ............................................. 240 Chapter X: The Natural Sociability and Political Consciousness of Man ......................................................................................... 245 Book V: The End of The State .................................................... 249 Chapter I: The State an End or a Means? How Far Is it End or Means? .................................................................................... 250 Chapter II: False Views of The End of The State .......................... 254 Chapter III: Insufficient or Exaggerated Views of The End of The State......................................................................................... 257 Chapter IV: The True End of the State .......................................... 260 Book VI: The Forms of The State............................................... 269 Chapter I: The Division of Aristotle .............................................. 270 Chapter II: The So-called Mixed State .......................................... 273 Chapter III: Later Developments of Aristotle’s Theory ................. 276 Chapter IV: The Principle of the Four Fundamental Forms of the State.........................................................................................278 Chapter V: The Principle of The Secondary Forms of The State...282 Chapter VI: Theocracy or Ideocracy..............................................285 Chapter VII: The Chief Kinds of Monarchy..................................293 Chapter VIII: Family Kingship among the Greeks and Germans...296 Chapter IX: National Monarchy in Ancient Rome.........................299 Chapter X: The Roman Empire.....................................................302 Chapter XI: The Frankish Monarchy.............................................305 Chapter XII: Feudal Monarchy and Monarchy Limited by Class Privileges.................................................................................309 Chapter XIII: Modern Absolute Monarchy....................................315 Chapter XIV: Constitutional Monarchy: Its Origin and Progress..319 Chapter XV: False Ideas of Constitutional Monarchy...................341 Chapter XVI: The Monarchical Principle and the Conception of Constitutional Monarchy.........................................................344 Chapter XVII: Aristocracy: The Greek Form: Sparta....................349 Chapter XVIII: The Roman Aristocracy........................................353 Chapter XIX: Remarks upon Aristocracy......................................358 Chapter XX: Democratic Forms of The State: Direct Democracy (Ancient)..................................................................................363 Chapter XXI: Criticism of Direct Democracy...............................367 Chapter XXII: Representative Democracy, the Modern Republic.370 Chapter XXIII: Consideration of Representative Democracy........378 Chapter XXIV: Composite Forms of State....................................382 Book VII: Sovereignty And Its Organs. Public Service And Public Offices.....................................................................................387 Chapter I: The Conception of Sovereignty.....................................388 Chapter II: Sovereignty of the People or of the State, and Sovereignty of the Ruler..............................................................................391 Chapter III: Analysis of the Sovereignty of the State.....................396 Chapter IV: Sovereignty of The Prince..........................................400 Chapter V: The Division of Powers: The Primary Assemblies of Antiquity..................................................................................402 Chapter VI: Ancient Distinction of Political Functions.................404 Chapter VII: The Modern Principle of Division of Powers...........407 Chapter VIII: Public Service and Public Function.........................413 Chapter IX: Appointment of Officials............................................417 Chapter X: Rights And Duties of Public Officials.........................422 Chapter XI: Termination of Public Service....................................427 Notes..............................................................................................431