ReportȱofȱDianeȱF.ȱHalpernȱ Preparedȱinȱtheȱmatterȱofȱ CivilȱActionȱNo.ȱ6:09ȬcvȬ01565ȱ IssueȱofȱSingleȬSexȱEducationȱȱȱ ReneȱA.ȱRostȱMiddleȱSchool Report Prepared for the Plaintiffs November 11, 2009 DianeF.Halpern,Ph.D. TrusteeProfessorofPsychology ClaremontMcKennaCollege Claremont,CAUSA ǣ Ǥ ʹ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 6 BRIEF SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 9 WHATISSOUNDRESEARCHANDWHYDOWENEEDIT? WHATCRITERIAWEREUSEDFORINCLUDINGRESEARCHIN THISREVIEW? WHATARETHECONCLUSIONSFROMTHEBESTAVAILABLE RESEARCH? ǤǤ ǣ͓ʹͲͲͷǦͲͳ ȋ͵ͲǡʹͲͲͶȌ ȋ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ Ǥ ͵ ̵ Ǧ Ǧ ǣǦ IFTHEEVIDENCECLEARLYFAILSTOSUPPORTTHEBENEFITS OFSINGLEǦSEXEDUCATION,THENWHYDOMANYPEOPLE, INCLUDINGSOMETEACHERS,PARENTS,AND ADMINISTRATORS,BELIEVETHATITISEFFECTIVE? Ǧ Ȅ ǡ THE FEMALE-MALE ACHIEVEMENT GAP 22 WHATARETHERHETORICANDREALITYOFGAPCLOSING? PUBLIC POLICIES BASED ON GROUP DIFFERENCES 24 WHYAREPOLICIESBASEDONGROUPAVERAGESUNFAIRTO INDIVIDUALS? Ǥ Ͷ Ǧ OVERVIEW OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 27 WHYCANTWEUSEBRAINIMAGINGDATATOCONCLUDE THATBOYSANDGIRLSLEARNDIFFERENTLY? THE CRISIS IN EDUCATION 32 ISTHEREABOYORGIRLCRISIS,ANDIFSO,WILLSINGLEǦSEX EDUCATIONFIXIT? Ȅ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT STEREOTYPING 34 WILLSINGLEǦSEXEDUCATIONINCREASESEXROLE STEREOTYPING? Ǧ Ǥ ͷ Ǧ Ǧ RECOMMENDATIONS 37 HOWCANWEREDESIGNTHEEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSOTHAT ALLCHILDRENDEVELOPTHEIRFULLPOTENTIAL? REFERENCES 43 ǣ ǣ Ǥ ͸ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION Ǥ Ǧ ǦǢ Ǣ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ǡ ǡʹͲͲͳǤ ǡ ǡ ʹͲȋ ȌǤ ǤǤ ͳͻ͹ͻǤ ̵ ǡ̵ ǡǤǤ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ͳͶͷǡͲͲͲͺͲ Ȍǡ ǡ ǡȋ ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ̵ ǡ ǦǦ ǡ ǡ ȋǦȌǤ Ǧ ǤSexDifferencesinCognitiveAbilities Ǥͳͻͺ͸Ǥ ǤǤ EncouragingGirlsinMathandScience, Ǥ ǣȀȀǤǤȀ Ȁ ȀȀ ȀʹͲͲ͹ʹͲͲ͵ǤǤ ̵Ǧ ǡThe ScienceofSexDifferencesinScienceandMathematics. Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǦʹͲͳͲ̶ Ǥ̶ ScientificAmericanMindǤ Ǥ ͹ ǤǤ ȋ ȌǦ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡUndergraduateEducationinPsychology:ABlueprintfortheFutureoftheDiscipline. Ǥ Ǥ ͺ THEISSUE: THEREHASBEENANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSCHOOLSOFFERINGSINGLEǦSEX EDUCATIONINVARIOUSFORMATSINCLUDINGSEXǦSEGREGATEDCLASSES.THIS REPORTDISCUSSESRESEARCHFINDINGSONTHISQUESTION.THEPRIMARY QUESTIONISWHETHERSINGLEǦSEXCLASSESOFFERADVANTAGESORDISADVANTAGES RELATIVETOEDUCATIONINCOEDUCATIONALCLASSESANDWHETHERGAINS,IF THEREAREANY,CANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHESINGLEǦSEXENVIRONMENTORTO OTHERCHANGESTHATWEREMADEATTHESAMETIMEASTHESWITCHTOSINGLEǦ SEXEDUCATION.