CHINA’S URBAN VILLAGE: CONNECTING NEW DEVELOPMENT AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION by YONGZHI XIAO (Under the Direction of Cari Goetcheus) ABSTRACT This thesis critiques recent urban village development in China, UNESCO’s historic urban landscape (HUL) approach, as well as intangible cultural heritage preservation guidelines. The question being researched is: Using Whampoa Village as a case study, in what ways do we sustainably reconnect urban villages' new development and heritage conservation via intangible cultural heritage preservation and the historic urban landscape approach? This study selects a typical village, Whampoa Village in Guangzhou, southern China, as the model for research and proposing a design and programming. This study will utilize descriptive strategies, interpretive strategies, projective design, and evaluation to understand multifaceted HUL approaches and intangible cultural heritage guidelines and apply them to the real urban village, Whampoa Village. INDEX WORDS: Landscape Architecture, Historic Preservation, China, Whampoa, Urban Village, Reconnection, New Development, Heritage Conservation, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Historical Urban Landscape CHINA’S URBAN VILLAGE: CONNECTING NEW DEVELOPMENT AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION by YONGZHI XIAO B.E., Guangzhou University, China, 2012 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2015 © 2015 Yongzhi Xiao All Rights Reserved CHINA’S URBAN VILLAGE: CONNECTING NEW DEVELOPMENT AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION by Yongzhi Xiao Major Professor: Cari Goetcheus Committee: Douglas Pardue Ari Daniel Levine Neal Kessler Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2015 iv DEDICATION To the family, friends, and professors who have supported me throughout my study of landscape architecture. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Cari Goetcheus, Douglas Pardue, Ari Daniel Levine, and Neal Kessler for their guidance of my thesis and design proposal. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 Problematics of Urban Villages in China ................................................................1 Significance ..............................................................................................................2 Purpose .....................................................................................................................2 Limitation & Delimitation .......................................................................................3 Research Question ...................................................................................................3 Methodology ............................................................................................................4 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................6 Definitions of Cultural Heritage ..............................................................................6 International Guidance of Intangible Heritage Preservation .................................10 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................22 3 PRESERVATION IN TODAY’S CHINA ..................................................................24 National Policies ....................................................................................................24 China’s Practices on Cultural Heritage Preservation .............................................31 vii Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................34 4 CHINA’S URBAN VILLAGE, GUANGDONG PROVINCE, AND GUANGZHOU CITY DEVELOPMENT HISTORY ...........................................................................36 Urban Villages in China .........................................................................................36 China’s Urban Developmental History ..................................................................37 The Combination of Rural and Urban Areas to Create Urban Village ..................40 Guangdong Province ..............................................................................................41 Guangzhou Urban Developmental History ............................................................42 The Culture of Guangzhou .....................................................................................48 Policy in Guangzhou ..............................................................................................66 Guangzhou’s Governmental and Non-Governmental Preservation Actions are Insufficient .............................................................................................................72 Practice Today in Guangzhou ................................................................................79 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................88 5 WHAMPOA VILLAGE ..............................................................................................89 Introduction of Whampoa Village .........................................................................89 History of Whampoa Village .................................................................................90 Existing Condition of Whampoa Village ...............................................................92 Analysis and Evaluation ......................................................................................114 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................147 6 DESIGN PROPOSAL ...............................................................................................149 Reconnection and Programming Proposal ...........................................................149 Long-term Reconnection Plan .............................................................................150 viii Programming and Community Engagement Proposal .........................................157 Programming Plan ...............................................................................................157 Community Engagement Strategies .....................................................................159 Summary of Proposal ...........................................................................................170 7 EVALUATION & CONCLUSION ...........................................................................172 Proposal Evaluation .............................................................................................172 Suggestion for Future Researchers ......................................................................175 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................176 APPENDICES A Historic Heritage Preservation Conference South China Agenda .............................195 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Examples of Tangible and Intangible Heritage .................................................................9 Table 2: Examples of Immovables and Movables .........................................................................26 Table 3: Intangible Cultural Heritage Category Comparison of UNESCO Convention and China’s Working Suggestion .............................................................................................29 Table 4: Timeline of China ............................................................................................................38 Table 5: “Three Old” Reform Related Policies .............................................................................68 x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: System of Laws of China ...............................................................................................25 Figure 2: Rural to Urban Gradient .................................................................................................40 Figure 3: The Process of Urban Village Formation .......................................................................40 Figure 4: Location of Guangdong Province ...................................................................................41 Figure 5: Location of Guangzhou ..................................................................................................42 Figure 6: 1910 Guangzhou City Plan .............................................................................................45 Figure 7: Lingnan Architectural Decoration ..................................................................................50 Figure 8: Guoer Wall .....................................................................................................................51 Figure 9: Oyster-shell Wall ............................................................................................................51