GOVERNMENT OF KERALA KERALA DEVELOPMENT REPORT INITIATIVES ACHIEVEMENTS CHALLENGES KERALA STATE PLANNING BOARD FEBRUARY 2021 KERALA DEVELOPMENT REPORT: INITIATIVES, ACHIEVEMENTS, AND CHALLENGES KERALA STATE PLANNING BOARD FEBRUARY 2021 | iii CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures List of Boxes Foreword 1 Introduction and Macro Developments 1 2 Agriculture and Allied Activities 10 Agriculture in Kerala: An Assessment of Progress and a Road Map for the Future 10 Fisheries in Kerala: Prospects for Growth of Production and Income 32 Animal Resources in Kerala: An Assessment of Progress and a Road Map for the Future 37 Forest Governance: Initiatives and Priorities 52 3 Food Security and Public Distribution in Kerala 63 4 Water for Kerala's Development: Status, Challenges, and the Future 68 5 Industry: A New Way Forward 82 Structure and Growth of the Industrial Sector 82 Sources of Growth 87 Industrial Policy and Agencies for Transformation 96 Industrial Sector in Kerala: Major Achievements in the 13th Plan 99 6 Information Technology: The Highway to Growth 107 7 Leveraging Science and Technology for Development 121 8 Tourism in Kerala 131 9 Cooperatives in Kerala: The Movement, Positioning, and the Way Forward 142 10 Human Development 147 School Education Surges Ahead 147 Higher Education 151 Kerala's Health: Some Perspectives 155 11 Infrastructure 163 Bridging the Infrastructure Gap in Transport Sector 163 Sustainable Energy Infrastructure 168 12 Environment and Growth: Achieving the Balance 189 13 Local Governments 198 Decentralisation and Local Governments in Kerala 198 Urban Development Initiatives 208 14 Kerala Beyond its Borders 216 15 Learning from Disaster: The Kerala Experience 220 16 Kerala's Response to Covid-19 Pandemic: A Major Socio-Economic Challenge 227 17 Human Resources: Unleashing the Potential 242 iv | Features of Kerala's Labour Force 242 Building a Skilled Labour Force 246 Protection of Labour Rights 248 Social Protection to Informal Sector Workers 250 Migrant Workers and Kerala economy 252 18 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Ensuring Inclusive Development 256 19 Some Social Initiatives for Inclusion 271 Empowering Persons with Disabilities 271 Empowering the Elderly 278 20 Gender and Development 286 Gender and Employment 286 Towards Gender Empowerment 293 21 Overcoming Fiscal Constraints to Growth 302 22 Some Major Integrated Programmes 315 The LIFE Mission 315 Subhiksha Keralam 315 A Special Package for Post-Flood Kuttanad 317 Kasaragod Development Package 318 Wayanad Package 318 Idukki Package 318 Acknowledgement 320 | v LIST OF TABLES Sl. No. Item Page Table 1.1 Plan outlay and expenditure, Kerala State, 2016-17 to 2019-20 2 Share of GSVA from each component within the total GSVA from agriculture, 13 Table 2.1 forestry and fishing, Kerala, 2011-12 to 2019-20 Allocation and expenditure under the plan schemes and through KIIFB in 14 Table 2.2 agriculture, nominal figures, Kerala Expenditure in agriculture by local government institutions, Kerala, nominal figures, 18 Table 2.3 2012-13 to 2019-20 Table 2.4 Area and production of vegetables, Kerala, 2015-16 to 2018-19 18 Table 2.5 Average and potential yields of major crops, Kerala in mid-2010s 20 Average, potential and best yields of major crops, by selected agro-ecological zones, 21 Table 2.6 Kerala, mid-2010s Expenditures for the four commodity boards under the Ministry of Commerce, 31 Table 2.7 India, revenue plus capital, deflated by GVSA deflator with base year 2011-12=100, 2011-12 to 2019-20 Table 2.8 Population of livestock and poultry in Kerala, 2007 to 2019 38 Number of cattle inducted as part of herd induction utilisation plan fund, Kerala, 38 Table 2.9 2006-07 to 2019-20 Table 2.10 Procurement milk through dairy cooperatives, Kerala, 2007-08 to 2019-20 43 Plan allocations and expenditures, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy, 45 Table 2.11 Kerala, 2011-12 to 2020-21 Expenditure in animal resources and dairy by local government institutions, Kerala, 45 Table 2.12 nominal figures, 2012-13 to 2019-20 Table 2.13 Classification of dairy farms by herd size, Kerala, 2019-20 46 Table 2.14 Area under fodder farms, Kerala, 2006-07 to 2018-19 46 Table 2.15 List of Protected Areas in Kerala 53 Table 2.16 List of territorial Forest Divisions in Kerala with extent 55 Table 3.1 Public Distribution System in Kerala at a glance 63 Details of electronic point of sale transactions and Aadhaar authentication, by 64 Table 3.2 month and year Table 3.3 Advantages to stakeholders in the value chain 66 Table 4.1 Availability and demand of water in Kerala, 2001 72 Table 4.2 Annual yield of selected river basins in Kerala 72 Table 5.1 Key aspects of the factory sector, Kerala and India, 2017-18 83 Table 5.2 Key aspects of the factory sector, Kerala’s share in India, 2011-12 to 2017-18 83 Table 5.3 Key ratios related to the factory sector, Kerala and India, 2011-12 to 2017-18 83 Structure and relative size with respect to employment and value added, Shares of 84 Table 5.4 industries in total factory sector of Kerala and shares of Kerala’s industries in total by the respective industries in India, 2016-17 vi | Table 5.5 Employment in selected major industries, Kerala and India, 2016-17 86 Unincorporated non-agricultural enterprises (excluding construction) and workers, 87 Table 5.6 Kerala and India, 2015-16 Table 5.7 Year-wise details of new MSME units started in Kerala under each subsector 87 Subsector-wise details of new MSME units started in Kerala, from 2016-17 to 2020- 101 Table 5.8 21, up to January 2021 Assistance provided by KSIDC to enterprises, as share capital and loans, 2015-16 to 102 Table 5.9 2020-21 Table 5.10 Number of units operating in Industrial Growth Centres 103 Performance of State of PSUs under the Industries Department, Government of 104 Table 5.11 Kerala, Profit and Loss making Units, 2015-16 to 2020-21 Performance of State of PSUs under Industries Department, Government of Kerala, 104 Table 5.12 by Sectors, 2015-16 to 2020-21 Table 6.1 Plan outlay and expenditure 111 Table 6.2 Details of Akshaya centres in Kerala 113 Table 6.3 Physical achievements of Technopark, 2015-16 to 2019-20 114 Table 6.4 Multinational companies that engaged with Kerala 115 Table 6.5 Physical achievements of Infopark 116 Table 6.6 Major physical achievements of Cyberpark, 2015-16 to 2019-20 116 Table 6.7 Key projects of KSUM 118 Table 7.1 Outlay and expenditure of science and technology sector 124 Table 7.2 Overall performance of research and development centres 125 Table 7.3 Overall achievements of schemes and programmes 126 Table 7.4 Profile of RCC at a glance, 2016-17 to 2019-20 128 Table 7.5 Central and State Government schemes, 2016-17 to 2019-20 129 Table 8.1 Plan outlay and expenditure in tourism sector in Kerala, 2016-17 to 2019-2020 132 Table 9.1 Budgetary support for cooperatives in Kerala, 2012-13 to 2020-21 143 Year-wise distribution of non-functional cooperative societies in Kerala, from 144 Table 9.2 2013 to 2019 Table 9.3 Distribution of non-functional cooperative societies in Kerala, 2017 145 Estimated number of additional pupils enrolled, Standards I-X, Government and 148 Table 10.1 aided schools, Kerala, 2016-17 to 2020-21 Table 10.2 Public investment in school education, Kerala, 2016-17 to 2020-21 149 Table 10.3 Number of Persons who enrolled in Higher Secondary and 10th Equivalency Courses 150 Enrolment of students in Government and aided arts and science colleges in Kerala, 152 Table 10.4 2019-20 Proportion of students belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in 152 Table 10.5 higher education, Kerala, 2019-20 Table 10.6 B.tech Result in engineering colleges, Kerala, 2020 153 | vii Table 10.7 Demographic and health profiles, Kerala and India 156 Table 10.8 Setting up of Cath Labs and Dialysis Units, through KIIFB 157 Table 10.9 Status of Infrastructural Development in Hospitals under Aardram Mission 158 Additional posts created in health services and under Aardram Mission, 2016 to 158 Table 10.10 January 15, 2021 Table 10.11 Investment in Health and Family Welfare, Kerala 159 Status of projects in health sector funded by Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund 160 Table 10.12 Board Table 10.13 Number of hospital beds, 2016 to 2020 161 Table 11.1 Kerala’s power scenario for 2019-20 171 Table 11.2 Status of Solar Projects in Kerala 172 Table 11.3 Progress of Transgrid 2.0 - Phase I and II in 2019-20 174 Table 11.4 KSEBL internal generation, 2019-20 174 Table 11.5 Ongoing Hydro Power Projects in the State 175 Table 11.6 Ongoing and pipeline renewable projects, Kerala State, 2020 176 Table 11.7 Progress of State Government funded projects, 2019-20 180 Table 11.8 Financial impact of Covid-19 on KSEB (as estimated on July 31, 2020) 182 196 Table 12.1 Physical achievements in sanitary waste management from 2017-18 to 2020-21 Table 12.2 Physical achievements with respect to water conservation 197 Share of productive sector expenditure in the total expenditure under normal share of 201 Table 13.1 general sector funds of local governments from 2015-16 to 2019-20 Tender savings out of Plan and Maintenance Funds of various tiers of local 201 Table 13.2 governments from 2017-18 to 2019-20 Table 13.3 Plan Outlay (Development Fund) to local governments 202 Table 13.4 Devolution of Maintenance Fund and General Purpose Fund to local governments 202 Table 13.5 Allocation to Million-Plus Urban Agglomerations in Kerala 207 Physical achievements of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Urban housing scheme, 209 Table 13.6 Kerala, 2016-17 to 2020-21 Table