Knowledge Alliance in Air Transport Report on Qualifications in Air Transport Date: October 2018 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Project Nº 588060-EPP-1-2017-1-RO-EPPKA2-KA Authors Coordinator: University Professor Sorin Eugen ZAHARIA, Ph.D. University Professor Dan POTOLEA, Ph.D. University Professor Mariana MOCANU, Ph.D. University Professor Steliana TOMA, Ph.D. Associate professor Cosmina MIRONOV, Ph.D. Lecturer Ștefan POPESCU, Ph.D. Lecturer Adina Pavel, Ph.D. Lecturer Casandra Pietreanu, Ph.D. Puiu Constantinescu Anca Ghita Andreea Rada Andreea Radu-Antimia Eugenia Malevanciuc Adina-Roxana Munteanu, Ph.D. Authors 2 Executive Summary 12 Introduction 18 1. Objectives 18 2. Methodology of Work 18 3. Structure of the Report 19 4. Uses of the Report 21 1 Aviation Overview: From Past To Future – Smart Air Transport; Economics and Social Benefits 23 1.1 Performance of Aviation 23 1.1.1 Direct and Indirect Economic Impact of Aviation 24 1.1.2 The Catalytic Impact of Aviation 25 1.2 Air Travel Affordability 26 1.2.1 Low-Cost Carriers and the Affordability of Airfare 28 1.3 Dynamics of Airport Connectivity 29 1.3.1 Types of Air Connectivity 30 1.3.2 New Connectivity Patterns 31 1.4 Air Traffic Dynamics and Forecast 35 1.5 Digitalisation of Airports 38 1.6 Greenisation of Airports 44 2 Societal Responsibility 46 2.1 Understanding the Concepts 46 2.2 Regulations and Literature Review 47 2.2.1 Definitions 47 2.2.2 European Commission’s Point of View 48 2.2.3 ISO 26000 - Social responsibility 48 2.3 Societal Responsibility in Air Transport Industry 49 2.4 Key Competencies for Societal Responsibility 50 3 Labour Market, Education and Training in Air Transport 53 3.1 The Labour Market in Air Transport 53 1 3.2 Education and Training for Air Transport 55 3.3 European Regulations regarding Qualifications Framework 56 3.4 The Role of “Knowledge Alliance in Air Transport” Project in Air Transport Education and Training 58 4 Smart Qualifications for Smart Occupations 59 4.1 Identifying Drivers of Change 59 4.2 The Need for High Qualified Work Force 63 4.3 Questionnaire on New Occupations and Qualifications (Annex 3) 65 4.4 Smart Qualifications 66 4.4.1 The Future of Jobs and Skills 66 4.4.2 Need for Interdisciplinary Qualifications (Study Programs) 67 4.4.3 Example of Future Jobs - Innovation Leader 68 4.4.4 Future of Airline Distribution and Payment 68 4.4.5 Cargo 69 4.4.6 Safety 69 4.4.7 Policy 69 4.4.8 Smart Security 70 4.4.9 The Need for Interdisciplinary Qualifications (Study Programs) - Environment & Aviation 71 4.4.10 The Need for Interdisciplinary Qualifications (Study Programs) - IT & Aviation 71 4.4.11 Air Travel Will Be a Seamless Experience 71 5 Regulatory Framework 74 5.1 European Commission Regulations on Qualification and Employment 74 5.1.1 European Qualifications Framework (EQF) - A Bridge between National Qualifications Systems 74 5.1.2 NQFs Development and Implementation 74 5.1.2.1 National Qualification Framework in Croatia 75 5.1.2.2 National Qualification Framework in France 76 5.1.2.3 National Qualification Framework in Italy 78 5.1.2.4 National Qualification Framework in Portugal 79 5.1.2.5 National Qualification Framework in Romania 80 5.1.2.6 National Qualification framework in Slovakia 82 5.1.3 Skills Anticipation 83 5.2 European Commission Regulation on Air Transport 84 5.2.1 Aircraft Maintenance 84 5.2.2 Air Traffic Control 86 5.2.3 Air Crew Regulations 90 5.3 International Civil Aviation Organization Regulations 99 2 6 Competences and Qualifications Mismatch Impact on Accidents and Incidents in Air Transport 100 6.1 Safety Issues in Aircraft Maintenance Human Factor 100 6.2 Safety Issues in Flight Crew Training 102 7 Politics in Air Transport Qualification 104 7.1 European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) 107 7.2 ICT Practices for Guidance and Career Development in Air Transport 108 7.2.1 Civil Aviation Training Solutions 109 7.2.2 Groupement Des Industries Françaises Aéronautiques et Spatiales (GIFAS) 111 7.2.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 114 7.2.4 European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF) 116 7.2.5 Eurostat 117 7.2.6 Study.com 119 7.2.7 Academiccourses.com 121 7.2.8 Cranfield University 123 7.2.9 Ecole Nationale De L'aviation Civile (ENAC) 125 7.2.10 Airsight 127 7.2.11 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – Global Aviation Training 128 7.2.12 Airports Council International (ACI) 129 7.2.13 Aviationjobsearch.com 131 7.3 Augmenting the Next Generation of Aviation Professionals by Training with Holograms 132 8 Methodology for Sectorial Qualifications Framework for Air Transport 136 8.1 Sectorial Qualification Framework for Air Transport (SQFAT) Components 136 8.2 Structure of the Sectorial Qualification Framework for the Air Transport 138 8.3 Conceptual Basis 138 8.3.1 Key Concepts 138 8.3.2 Categories of Competences 139 8.3.3 Types and Descriptors of Competences 141 8.3.4 Conceptual-Methodological Model for Describing Qualifications in the Air Transport Sector: SQFAT Matrix and Grid 1 142 8.4 Description of Qualifications for Air Transport Sectors' Levels 5, 6, 7 and 8 145 9 Qualification Grids for the Air Transport Qualifications 152 9.1 Description of Qualification Level 4 152 9.1.1 Description of Qualification for Pilot Private Licence (PPL) 153 3 9.2 Description of Qualification Level 5 157 9.2.1 General Presentation of Pathways for Pilots 157 9.2.2 Description of Qualification Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) 164 9.2.3 Description of Qualifications for Aircraft Maintenance Technician 170 9.2.3.1 Description for Training Programme CAT A Aircraft Maintenance Technician 170 9.2.3.2 Description for Training Programme CAT B Aircraft Maintenance Technician 172 9.2.3.3 Description For training programme CAT C Aircraft Maintenance Technician 174 1.1.1 Description of Qualifications for Air Traffic Controllers 176 9.2.3.4 Description for Training Programme Ground Handling Traffic Technician 176 9.2.3.5 Description for Training Programme Air Traffic Controller – Aerodrome Control Visual Rating (ADV) 180 9.2.3.6 Description for Training Programme Air Traffic Controller Rating APP 184 9.2.3.7 Description for Training Programme Student Air Traffic Controller 188 9.3 Qualification Level 6 (bachelor) 192 9.3.1 Description for Training Programme Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) 192 9.3.2 Description of Qualifications for Engineering Sciences 198 9.3.2.1 Description for Study Programme Aerospace Constructions 198 9.3.2.2 Description for Study Programme Aviation Equipment and Installations 203 9.3.2.3 Description for Study Programme Engineering and Aeronautic Management 208 9.3.2.4 Description for Study Programme Aircraft and aviation engines 213 9.3.3 Description of Qualifications for Aeronautics 219 9.3.3.1 Description for Study Programme Air Traffic Controller 219 9.3.3.2 Description for Study Programme Civil Pilot 222 9.4 Qualification Level 7 (master) 228 9.4.1 Description of Qualifications for Aerospace Engineering 228 9.4.1.1 Description for Study Programme Aerospace Engineering 228 9.4.1.2 Description for Study Programme Avionics and Aerospace Navigation 231 9.4.1.3 Description for Study Programme Aerospace Engineering and Management 236 9.4.1.4 Description for Study Programme Aerospace Propulsion, Phonic and Chemical Pollution241 9.4.1.5 Description for Study Programme Aerospace Structures 244 9.4.2 Description of Qualifications for Computer & Information Technology 247 9.4.2.1 Description for Study Programme eGovernance 247 9.4.2.2 Description for Study Programme Advanced software services 249 9.4.3 Description of Qualifications for Aeronautics 251 9.4.3.1 Description for Study Programme Aeronautics 251 9.4.3.2 Description for Study Programme Mechanical Engineering 253 9.5 New Qualifications 257 9.5.1 Description for Study Programme Green, Smart and Integrated Transport and Logistics 257 9.5.2 Description for Study Programme IT Applied in Aviation 260 4 10 Comparative Analysis of Qualifications Frameworks 263 10.1 Two Similar Approaches to Learning Outcomes 263 10.2 Structure and Descriptors of Competences 263 10.2.1 National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (NQFHE) Approach 263 10.2.2 Air Traffic Control Based Assessment System – CBAS Approach 265 10.3 Achieve Progression Trough Qualification Levels 266 10.3.1 National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (NQFHE) Approach 267 10.3.2 Air Traffic Control Based Assessment System – CBAS Approach 267 11 Conclusions 270 11.1 The general context of employment: a strong growth in recruitment needs and a lack of competent profiles 270 11.2 New skills for new occupations, the main challenge for education and training in aviation 272 11.3 Interdisciplinary Master Programme: ICT Applied in Aviation 276 References 278 Annex 1 - Useful Links 283 Annex 2 – Legal Framework 285 5. Legal Framework 285 6. Modularisation 287 7. Full Part-66 Licence – Examination Credits Granted By Romanian CAA 292 Annex 2.1 - Syllabus 295 Annex 3 - Questionnaire Proposal 326 Annex 4 – Bloom’s Verb and Matching Assessment Types 328 5 List of figures Figure 1.1 Aviation’s global employment and GDP impact in 2014 ................................................................................. 25 Figure 1.2 Evolution of average price of air travel ($ per revenue tonne kilometre) ........................................................