The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Building Bridges Between Police Researchers and Practitioners: Agents of Change in a Complex World Author(s): Geoffrey P. Alpert, Ph.D., Jeff Rojek, Ph.D., J. Andrew Hansen, M.A. Document No.: 244345 Date Received: December 2013 Award Number: 2009-IJ-CX-0204 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant report available electronically. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN POLICE RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS: AGENTS OF CHANGE IN A COMPLEX WORLD Final Report to the National Institute of Justice By Geoffrey P. Alpert, Ph.D. Jeff Rojek, Ph.D J. Andrew Hansen, M.A. University of South Carolina This research was supported by funding from the National Institute of Justice, Grant # 2009-IJ- CX-0204. The findings within this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of the National Institute of Justice or the United States Department of Justice. We express our appreciation to Carl Jenkinson and Allison Rojek for their help with organization and editing of the report. Please direct all correspondence regarding this report to Geoffrey P. Alpert, Professor, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Phone (803) 777-6424, email: [email protected] This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. PROJECT STAFF Geoffrey P. Alpert, Ph.D. University of South Carolina Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Currell College 1305 Greene St. Columbia, SC 29208 Phone: 803-777-6424 Fax: 803-777-9600 [email protected] Jeff Rojek, Ph.D University of South Carolina Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Currell College 1305 Greene St. Columbia, SC 29208 Phone: 803-777-3495 Fax: 803-777-9600 [email protected] J. Andrew Hansen, M.A. University of South Carolina Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Currell College 1305 Greene St. Columbia, SC 29208 Phone: 803-777-3623 Fax: 803-777-9600 [email protected] ii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. ABSTRACT The present study uses a mixed-methods research strategy to examine police practitioner- researcher partnerships. The study has two primary research objectives: (1) examine the prevalence of police practitioner-researcher partnerships in the United States; and (2) examine the factors that prevent or facilitate the development and sustainability of police practitioner- researcher partnerships. The subsequent goals to be accomplished through these objectives are as follows: (1) identify the current level of participation in partnerships with researchers among law enforcement agencies; (2) identify the characteristics of agencies who participate in these partnerships; and (3) gain an understanding of the important lessons learned from practitioners and researchers for forming these partnerships in order to inform future participants in these efforts. The study employs three data-collection strategies to accomplish these objectives and goals. First, a nationally-representative sample of law enforcement agencies was surveyed to capture the prevalence of police practitioner-researcher partnerships and associated information. Second, practitioner and researcher representatives from 89 separate partnerships were interviewed, which were identified through the national survey. The interviews were the primary data-collection effort for gaining insight into the barriers to and facilitators of the development and sustainability of these partnerships, as well as the benefits of partnering. Third, four case studies were conducted on model partnerships that were identified during interviews with practitioners and researchers. While these case studies provide a detailed look at sustainable partnerships, the primary purpose of the case studies is to support a multimedia component of this study. The videos that represent this multimedia component convey important information from one peer to another. This strategy is directed to the practitioner community in order to facilitate dissemination of these important relationships by credible sources. iii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The national survey revealed that the level of participation in partnerships with researchers by law enforcement agencies is low overall, with only 32% of responding agencies reporting involvement in these relationships. Further examination of the characteristics of these partnerships shows overall participation in formal, short-term and long-term partnerships were less common, 18% and 10% respectively. Participation in either of these formal partnerships is correlated with the size of the agency. Partnerships are also more common among municipal police departments and state law enforcement agencies compared to county agencies. Lastly, agencies which report they use information sources produced by the research community are more likely to engage in partnerships, particularly for those agencies who reported the use of information provided by the National Institute of Justice. The practitioner and researcher interviews provided important lessons and informal rules necessary to engaging in successful partnerships, which can be grouped into three general areas. First, there are structural characteristics that partners have to negotiate, such as how the partnership will be supported, geographic proximity of partners, permanency of key participants, and the institutional demands for both partners. Second, both parties need to have values that orient them to partnership participation. The agency and its members need to see value in the incorporation of research and involvement of outside researchers, as well as being open to changing the way they do business. The researcher has to emphasize the desire to help and not judge the agency, have a shared stake in improving the agency and community, and value the knowledge of practitioners. Third, both parties have to effectively manage their interpersonal relationship. This involves establishing trust between partnership members and effective and ongoing communication about the expectations, roles, and products of the partnership process. iv This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, problems confronting public institutions have become more complex and the demands from stakeholders have increased, but resources have diminished. One mechanism government institutions have used to address these conditions has been the formation of partnerships with other government agencies, private organizations, community organizations, community leaders, and academic institutions (Vigoda, 2002). The underlying goal of these partnerships is to combine the resources, skills, and knowledge of the actors in a way that allows them to achieve better results in managing problems more effectively and efficiently than could be accomplished either individually or by government agencies alone (Lasker, Weiss, & Miller, 2001). Within the context of policing, this trend can be observed in partnerships with community members and institutions (community policing) or partnerships with other agencies (multi- agency task forces). The focus of the present study is an analysis of the collaborations between law enforcement agencies and the research community. Background While both sides of the practitioner-researcher partnership arguably benefit from their participation, the public policy consideration largely focuses on how the researcher can improve the law enforcement agency and/or its practices. Ideally, the research partner adds a degree of empirical knowledge and analytical skills that can improve an agency’s ability to identify problems and formulate effective responses. As such, police practitioner-researcher partnerships represent an interpersonal form of research utilization by law enforcement agencies. In essence, agencies can incorporate research into their organization by reading research articles and other sources to decide on their application alone, which assumes “knowledge is something that can be neatly packaged and passed to those who need it” (Fyfe & Wilson, 2012, p. 308). Alternatively, v This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice.