Towards the Integration of Terrestrial and Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia: A Case Study of Bali By Jeremia Sir Nindyo Mamola B.Eng. in Architecture Parahyangan Catholic University Bandung, Indonesia (2011) Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in City Planning at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2019 © 2019 Jeremia Sir Nindyo Mamola. All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of the thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Author ________________________________________________________________________ Department of Urban Studies and Planning (May 21, 2019) Certified by ____________________________________________________________________ Professor Lawrence Susskind Ford Professor of Environmental and Urban Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ___________________________________________________________________ Professor of the Practice, Ceasar McDowell Co-Chair, MCP Committee Department of Urban Studies and Planning TOWARDS THE INTEGRATION OF TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING IN INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY OF BALI by Jeremia Sir Nindyo Mamola Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on May 21, 2019 in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in City Planning ABSTRACT Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state in the world. It holds very important marine resources and some of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems. Marine spatial planning, a tool that can be used to control development and maintain ecosystem services, is vital to the future of the marine environment in Indonesia. Since 2007, the national government has required each province to create a Marine Spatial Plan (MSP). These are supposed to mesh with the already long-standing Terrestrial Spatial Plans (TSP). Together, these plans are meant to provide the underpinning for a range of government programs as well as permitting and licensing systems. The marine and terrestrial spatial plans must be synchronized to avoid conflicts and achieve the anticipated ecological and socio-economic objectives. In Bali, one of the provinces that is currently working on a new MSP and a revised TSP, the MSP appears to be driven almost entirely by the existing TSP. This could lead to future conflicts and a failure to achieve important environmental and social objectives because of lack of cross-realm consideration in the two plans. In this thesis, I look at the current barriers to the integration of MSP and TSP in Bali and Indonesia. In my view, it is necessary for the government, in particular, the ministries that are responsible for spatial planning, to require both types of plans to be prepared at the same time. To do so, they need new procedures to ensure harmonization of land-sea considerations and improve local government capacities and commitment. In the long term, it may be necessary for the government to amend the existing legislation (Laws Number 26 and 27 Year 2007) to accommodate a more integrative approach to spatial planning of the land and the sea. Thesis Supervisor: Lawrence Susskind Title: Ford Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning 3 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to: My advisor Larry Susskind for his advice, support, and encouragement throughout the whole process of my research. My reader, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, for his guidance and assistance, even long before I come to MIT. Conservation International (CI) Indonesia, especially I Made Iwan Dewantama, for the opportunity they gave to me to learn and conduct my research. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) staff have also been very helpful and welcoming. Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) Indonesia, for the sponsorship of this magnificent learning opportunity. Last but not least, my family, especially my parents, for everything. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................4 Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................8 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................9 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................10 Chapter I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................11 1.1 Terrestrial and Marine Spatial Planning ......................................................................11 1.1.1 Terrestrial Spatial Planning (TSP) ................................................................13 1.1.2 Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) ....................................................................15 1.1.3 The Need for Integration ...............................................................................17 1.2 Terrestrial and Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia ..................................................19 1.2.1 Indonesia, its Sea, and the People .................................................................19 1.2.2 Indonesia Maritime History ..........................................................................23 1.2.3 TSP and MSP in Indonesia ...........................................................................25 1.3 Research Question and Summary ................................................................................29 Chapter II. Case Study and Methodology ......................................................................................31 2.1 Case Study: Bali ...........................................................................................................31 2.1.1 Bali at a Glance .............................................................................................32 2.1.2 Development and Environmental Concern in Bali .......................................34 2.1.3 TSP and MSP Development in Bali .............................................................35 2.2 Literature Review...........................................................................................................3 5 2.3 Policy and Institutional Analysis of TSP and MSP .....................................................37 2.3.1 Social-Ecological System Framework ..........................................................37 2.3.2 Data ...............................................................................................................42 2.3.3 Limitation, Problem, and Concern ................................................................43 Chapter III. Literature Review .......................................................................................................45 3.1 Land-Sea Planning Related Publications .....................................................................46 3.2 Land-Sea Consideration, Integrated Approach and Challenge ....................................47 3.2.1 Land-Sea Consideration in Spatial Planning ................................................47 3.2.2 How to Integrate (or Coordinate) TSP and MSP ..........................................50 3.2.3 The Challenge of Integrating TSP and MSP.................................................53 3.3 Land-Sea Planning Around the World .........................................................................55 3.4 Summary ......................................................................................................................58 Chapter IV. Indonesian Spatial Planning Policy and Institutional Analysis .................................60 4.1 Analysis of Spatial Planning Policy in Indonesia and Bali..........................................60 4.1.1 Resource System (RS) and Resource Units (RU) .........................................65 4.1.2 Actors (A) and Governance System (GS) .....................................................70 4.1.3 Related Social, Economic, and Political Setting (S) & Ecosystems (ECO) .81 4.1.4 Interactions (I) ...............................................................................................84 4.1.5 Outcomes (O) ................................................................................................94 4.2 Integration of TSP and MSP in Indonesia ...................................................................96 Chapter V. Conclusion, and Recommendations ..........................................................................103 5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................103 5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................105 6 5.3 Reflections and Future Research ...............................................................................111 Appendix A. Interview Guideline ................................................................................................114 Appendix B.