CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................6 1.1. The state – definitions – role...............................................................................10 1.2. The church – definition – role.............................................................................11 Chapter 2. The patristic theology in the relationship of the church with the state............15 2.1. Esential features...................................................................................................15 2.2. The Myth of the Good Emperor...........................................................................18 2.3. One theology, two churches as sisters..................................................................27 2.3.1. The Greek-orthodox church, sister of the Romanian Greek-Catholic united with Rome.................................................................................................27 Chapter 3. Brief presentation of the history of the churches in Europe and in the territories to study: Transylvania, Banat, Crişana and Maramureş, in one word the future Ardeal.......................................................................................................................31 3.1. The installment of the christianity and the studied areas and the adjacent ones................................................................................................................................31 3.2. The christianization of the areas in the north of the Danube..............................32 3.3. The Great Schism...................................................................................................41 3.3.1. The preparing events.......................................................................................41 3.3.2. The Schism in 1054 or the Great Schism and its effects in the studied Romanian territories........................................................................................41 3.4. The first ideas of the religiosu reform in Europe and in Transylvania...............46 3.5. The religious reform itself and its effects in the studied areas.............................53 3.6. The period of Mihai Viteazul and the events related to his activity......................62 3.7. Attempts to awaken the national conscience for the Romanians in Transylvania, the first works written in the Romanian language.......................................................68 3.8. Preparations for the formation of the Greek-Catholic church united with Rome...............................................................................................................................78 3.9. The formation of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church united with Rome.......81 1 3.10. Conclusions after the union with Rome.............................................................. 89 3.11. The 19th century – The evolution of events in Transylvania and Ardeal in an European context...……………………………………………………….. 99 3.12. The 18th and the 19th century, the evolution of thought regarding the relationship of the churches with the state during the second part of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century until the 1848 revolution ...............................104 Chapter 4. The activity of the main Romanian churches in Transylvania in their relationship with the state (Empire) during 1848-1918, based on their theology, on their hundreds of years history ……………………………………………...118 Chapter 5. Preliminary observations ………………………………………………………...136 Chapter 6. The 1848 Revolution in Transylvania....................................................................149 Chapter 7. The activity of the Romanian church in Ardeal in 1848-1867………………….160 Chapter 8. The union of the Romanian principality in 1859 and their echo in in Transylvania……………………………………………………………………164 Chapter 9. The Romanian Orthodox Church during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza…167 Chapter 10. The Orthodox Church in Transylvania and the period of Şaguna……………173 Chapter 11. Aspects form the history of Romanian Churches in the late part of the 19th century in the relationship with the Austro-Hungarian state in Ardeal….177 Chapter 12. The formation of the Romanian National Party and the fight for national Freedoms…………………………………………………………………………..188 Chapter 13. The fight of the Romanians in Transylvania against the forced magyarization politics……………………………………………………………………………...190 Chapter 14. The fight of the Romanian Church united with Rome for the rights and the free functioning………………………………………………………………..203 Chapter 15. The fight of the Romanians in Ardeal of the Austro-Hungarian Federation during the late part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century against the Hungarian government’s forced magyarization in the Austro- Hungarian Federation politics…………………………………………………….207 Chapter 16. The discovery of the original document of the union of the Romanian Greek- 2 Catholic Church with Rome and its effects on the church………………………228 Chapter 17. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century until the World War I in Aredeal……………………………………………………………….......236 17.1. Aspects leading to the breaking of the World War I…………………………….241 Chapter 18. World War I………………………………………………………………………...245 Chapter 19. The preparation for the Union of Transylvania with Romania……………........250 Chapter 20. The Union of Transylvania with Romania………………………………………..252 Chapter 21. The relationship of the Baptist Church with the Austro-Hungarian state during 1867-1918……………………………………………………………………….…..254 21.1. Aspects of the history of Transylvania, leading to the emergence of Baptists in these Territories………………………………………………………………………….254 21.2. The Anabaptists, the predecessors of the Baptists and historical aspects of the Baptists…………………………………………………………………………….256 21.3. The definition of Baptist confession in Romania………………………………..256 21.4. Specific features of the Baptist confession……………………………………....258 21.5. The legal, confessional situation of the Baptist confession in Transylvania and in Banat………………………………………………………………………263 21.6. Contributions of the Baptist believers in Transylvania and Banat to the union of these territories with the kingdom of Romania and to the consolidation of the Romanian territories’ union……………………………………………………....269 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………….274 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………...294 3 THE SUMMARY OF THE DOCTOR’S DEGREE THESIS: “THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ROMANIAN CHURCHES WITH THE STATE, IN TRANSYLVANIA AND BANAT 1848-1919” We decided to study this subject which, although pretty old, is extremely present, and by the way things happened, these relationships influenced very much history’s course. The decisions and even the events that took place in the 1st and also in the 2nd millennium have consequences for the 3rd millennium as well, especially on the European continent and not only there. I started by defining what the church is and what the state is and what is the role of every one of them, in history. It must be stated that I used more sources to define church but I insisted on the biblical definition. I used the same source to see the relationship pattern of the church with the state that was demanded firstly by the founder of the church God’s Son Jesus Christ. Also, I used the Cannon Law of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which forbids the implication of the bishops and the high clergy in politics running the risk to be cateriţi (excluded from the priesthood). Surly no one of the people who got involved in the political battle of the Romanians from Transylvania was caterit, although there were many. Some religious leaders were even appreciated and eulogized not for breaking the cannon law but for the political achievements of the Romanians from Transylvania that were reflected upon everyone even to the day, like the organic status of Şaguna. To be able to see and understand the relationship of the church with the state we had to start with the emergence of this kind of relationships especially after 312 – 313 when Christianity becomes then known as the Roman Empire, a licit religion. Due to the fact that the church is developing mainly in two large religious centers, Rome and Constantinople, there are two types of religious doctrines that can be acknowledged and two types of relationships with the state, as follows: For the Byzantine Church one type of relationship with the state becomes characteristic, which is called “The Byzantine Symphony” based on the writings of Eusebius and Justinian in the 4th and 5th – 6th centuries, when the Emperor was considered God’s substitute on earth and was treated as such. Inside the Roman-Catholic Church emerges a relationship of mutual subordination of the state and the church, according to time and the different moment when it takes place; sometimes depending also on a specific context. This theology is based on the Writings of Augustine dating from the period of the Pope, Ambrosius, the 4th century. After almost 300 years, during which the two institutions were capable of adversity, they seemed almost irreconcilable, in 312-313 they become more than collaborators, they help one another, especially at moments of interest whether is the interest of the state or the church’s. 4 Due to the fact that in the territories and the historical time period that are being studied there were two important churches, the orthodox one and the Greek Catholic Church united with Rome, we considered that it is