Oberlin Digital Commons at Oberlin Honors Papers Student Work 2020 Race, Mines and Picket Lines: The 1925-1928 Western Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Strike Eli Martin Kirshner Oberlin College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/honors Part of the History Commons Repository Citation Kirshner, Eli Martin, "Race, Mines and Picket Lines: The 1925-1928 Western Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Strike" (2020). Honors Papers. 698. https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/honors/698 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Digital Commons at Oberlin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at Oberlin. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Race, Mines and Picket Lines: The 1925-1928 Western Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Strike Eli Martin Kirshner Candidate for Senior Honors in History Oberlin College, Class of 2020 Thesis Advisor: Professor Renee Romano 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 3 Preface: Author’s journey ............................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1 | Whiteness on strike ................................................................................................. 27 Rhetoric of white resentment ............................................................................................................... 28 Words turn into actions: ‘Justified’ racial violence ........................................................................... 41 “In-between” whiteness ........................................................................................................................ 47 Chapter 2 | The Racial Policemen Arrive ................................................................................. 53 Intermingling and alarm bells .............................................................................................................. 55 Brushing off the Senators ..................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3 | Black miners, resistance, and community ............................................................ 70 Agency in migration .............................................................................................................................. 72 Unions, industrial morality, and respectability .................................................................................. 75 Building community .............................................................................................................................. 81 Direct action, protest, and armed retaliation...................................................................................... 86 Conclusion: What does a coal miner look like? ....................................................................... 92 Acknowledgements This endeavor would not have been possible without the love, generosity, and wisdom of so many people. Before beginning my prose, I would like to recognize a few: I cannot imagine doing this honors thesis project without the support of Professor Renee Romano, who has been my advisor, project sponsor, academic mentor, and history professor extraordinaire! Professor Romano’s HIST 227: The History and Practice of Whiteness in the U.S. course changed the trajectory of my Oberlin experience. In early 2018, Professor Romano sponsored my Winter Term project, in which I researched race and coal mining in Western Pennsylvania. I will never forget the day in February 2018, when to my astonishment, she suggested that I pursue this project as an Honors Thesis my senior year. Ever since, Professor Romano has mentored me and guided me through every step of the process: drafting a prospectus, applying for grant funding, and writing the thesis. I am so grateful that she generously dedicated the time to meeting with me every Tuesday this academic year and suggesting great ideas for analysis and secondary source material, and to frequently reading drafts of my work. Since the earliest stages of this project began as a reflection on my family history in Western Pennsylvania, I am truly indebted to my two wonderful genealogy god-mothers, Suzanne Camino and Annessa Wyman. Suzanne (in Ann Arbor) and Annessa (in Oberlin) have both encouraged and supported me so much along this journey, through giving feedback on my Winter Term projects, coming to presentations about my research, and always getting visibly excited when I share some new piece of primary source information I have found. Here’s to more great finds and bagels! My Oberlin College experience would not be the same without Eboni A. Johnson, the Librarian-extraordinaire at Terrell Library and someone I am blessed to call an academic mentor and dear friend. My first week at Oberlin, I introduced myself to Eboni, since she was the library advisor to my First-Year Seminar. I eventually got over Eboni teasing me from being a Wolverine from Ann Arbor (she is a tried-and-true OSU fan), and I am so grateful for all the ways she has taken interest in me and guided me along in my studies. Eboni advised my first ever Winter Term project – which merged into this thesis – and we have met for countless research appointments at the college library, where she has shown me how to use many of the primary and secondary source search databases that have been critical in my research. Eboni encouraged me to apply for the History Department Honors Program, and even threatened to call my mother if I did not submit my prospectus! Next year, maybe we won’t lose so badly to the Buckeyes. Thank you to Professor Zeinab Abul-Magd, coordinator of the 2019-2020 History Department Honors Program. Zeinab has given me much helpful feedback and guidance this year, and I am very appreciative of all the time she has taken to thoughtfully read my chapter drafts, as well as those of my fellow History 501-502 classmates. I would like to give a special thanks to Tim Pinnick, who has been so supportive of my project and provided me with helpful resources, including scanned book chapters, links, and research ideas, along the way. Tim so kindly even tried to call me from a genealogy conference he 4 was speaking at, to discuss my research while I was abroad in Ecuador. We eventually had a long phone conversation, in which Tim shared some of his expertise in African-American coal miner genealogy with me and offered me new methods of analysis. I am so grateful for all of the work Tim has done over the years to compile and maintain the African-American Coal Miner Information Center, which acted as a launching point for much of my research. Thank you to Professor Tamika Nunley and Professor Ellen Wurtzel of the Oberlin College Department of History, who have been the defense committee readers for my thesis. As early as November, Professor Nunley and Professor Wurtzel both provided me with excellent time- management strategies, ideas to consider for main arguments, and have generously offered their time and insight to read drafts of my progress this year. I am incredibly grateful for the dedicated work of Amanda Peters, archivist of the Penn State University-Fayette Coal and Coke Heritage Museum, in Lemont Furnace, PA. Ever since we first spoke over the phone in the fall of 2017, Amanda has been so responsive, helpful, and supportive of my research. Amanda provided me with hundreds of pages of transcribed oral history interviews from the Patch Work Voices Project, and brought out dozens of relevant primary sources during my June 2019 visit to the Coal and Coke Heritage Center. Thank you also to Mary Jones, librarian at the Detre Family Archives of the Heinz History Center in downtown Pittsburgh, who arranged my visit to the archives in June 2019 and enabled me to listen to cassette-recorded oral histories from 1974, old news reels on VHS tape, Pittsburgh Coal Company documents, and printed scans of the United Mine Workers Journal. This project would not have been possible without Phyllis Yarber Hogan, Che Gonzalez, Kitty Bowie, Dr. Deborah Abbott, Annessa Wyman, Jordann Sadler, Eboni Johnson, Sydney Murphy and the rest of the amazing Oberlin African-American Genealogy and History Group (OAAGHG). My Oberlin experience would not have been the same without Saturday genealogy sessions at the Bridge (especially when it involved bagels and lox), hilariously fun road trips to conferences in Pittsburgh and Columbus, and 3 a.m. emails about clues in our searches for Virginia Scott, Hasty Smith, Old Man George, and Rabbi Kirschner! I would also like to thank Marlene Bransom, President of the Pittsburgh chapter of AAGHS, for connecting me with helpful resources and archives pertaining to African-American coal mining research and genealogy in southwestern Pennsylvania. I am indebted to the incredible oral history work of Elaine H. DeFrank and her team of historians who facilitated, recorded, and transcribed dozens of amazing interviews with coal miners and their family members as part of the Patch Work Voices Project in the 1990s and early 2000s. Similarly, I am immensely grateful to the work of Dr. Peter Gottlieb and the 1974 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission’s