A BOTTOM-UP PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN A MALAYSIAN SUB-URBAN AREA BY MORSHIDI AHMAD SUPERVISORS DR YUSUF ARAYICI DR AZIZ ZEESHAN SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, JULY 2016 MARCH-2016 Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT.………………………………………………………………………………………… i LIST OF FIGURE …………. ................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLE …….. ........................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................... ix STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ..................................................................................... XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... XV DEDICATION ……. ............................................................................................................................. XVI ABSTRACT ……... ............................................................................................................................ XVII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Global Governance Institutional Framework and Sustainable Development .......................... 1 1.3 Sustainable Development Governance in Developing countries ............................................ 2 1.4 Sustainable Development and Sustainable Community Development (SCD) in Malaysia / Sarawak ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Sustainable Community Development (SCD) ......................................................................... 5 1.6 Good Governance and Sustainable Community Development – A Community Based Approach to SCD ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 The Locality of the Study ......................................................................................................... 8 1.8 The Coastal Villages of DBKU Suburban ................................................................................ 9 1.9 DBKU and its Role in SCD .................................................................................................... 11 1.10 Institutional Structure for Implementation of Community Development Programmes........... 13 1.11 Malaysia Commitment to SCD .............................................................................................. 16 1.12 State Government Sustainable Development Effort .............................................................. 18 1.13 Local Government Level ........................................................................................................ 19 1.14 Village Level .......................................................................................................................... 19 1.15 Research Rationale and Significance .................................................................................... 20 1.16 Research Questions/Problems .............................................................................................. 22 1.17 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 24 1.18 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 26 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Sustainable Development and Sustainability ........................................................................ 27 2.2 Local Agenda 21 .................................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Dimensions of Sustainability .................................................................................................. 31 2.4 Contemporary Policies for Sustainable Development ........................................................... 36 2.5 Evolution of the Concept of Sustainable Community Development ...................................... 37 2.6 Definition of Community......................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Definition of Sustainable Community ..................................................................................... 41 2.8 Definition of Sustainable Community Development .............................................................. 42 2.9 Components of Sustainable Community Development ......................................................... 44 2.10 Sustainable Community Development – UK versus Malaysia (Sarawak) Experience ......... 45 2.11 Participatory Bottom-Up Approach to Achieve Sustainable Community Development ........ 47 2.12 Sustainable Development Strategy ....................................................................................... 52 2.13 Appropriate Technology for Sustainability at the Village Level ............................................. 54 2.14 Sustainability Assessment Principles .................................................................................... 59 2.15 Assessing Approaches of Sustainability ................................................................................ 60 2.16 Indicators and Measures ....................................................................................................... 62 2.17 SCD Indicators for the Study Area ........................................................................................ 62 2.18 Sustainable Development Governance Concept .................................................................. 73 2.19 Governance Problems in Developing Countries ................................................................... 74 2.20 Governance and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development .............................. 75 2.21 Good Governance and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Community ....................... 78 2.22 Ways to strengthen Institutional Governance Rio+20 ........................................................... 82 2.23 Benefit of Implementing Good Governance Institutional Framework at Local Level ............ 83 2.24 Guideline for Effective Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development ...................... 84 2.25 Summary................................................................................................................................ 85 CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 86 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 86 3.1 Research Philosophy ............................................................................................................. 87 3.2 Philosophical Assumptions .................................................................................................... 88 3.3 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 91 3.4 The Pragmatism Approach .................................................................................................... 91 3.5 Quantitative Research Method .............................................................................................. 93 3.6 Qualitative Research Method ................................................................................................ 93 3.7 Mixed Methods’ Research ..................................................................................................... 95 3.8 Rationale for Using the Mixed Method Approach .................................................................. 95 3.9 Research Approach ............................................................................................................... 97 3.10 Research Strategy ................................................................................................................. 98 3.11 Research Process ............................................................................................................... 100 3.12 Questionnaire Construction ................................................................................................. 104 3.13 The Survey Questionnaire ................................................................................................... 108 3.14 Data Collection: Survey and Interview ................................................................................. 111 3.15 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................