Full Report Securing Japan An assessment of Japan´s strategy for space Report: Title: “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report” Published: July 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report, July 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. 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Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: European Space Agency (ESA) TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and rationales ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology and Structure of the Report ...................................................................................... 2 2 JAPAN IN SPACE: ACTORS, PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES ................................................................ 5 2.1 The Institutional and Industrial Setting ........................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Institutional Framework ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Japan´s space industry ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Budget and Programmes .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Space Budget ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Space Transportation ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Space Systems .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Space Science and Exploration ........................................................................................................ 29 2.2.5 Human Spaceflight ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.2.6 Space Domain Awareness ................................................................................................................ 34 2.3 Space Law and Policies................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Basic Space Law 2008 ....................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.2 Basic Plans on Space Policy ............................................................................................................. 36 2.3.3 Implementation Plans ........................................................................................................................ 38 2.3.4 Other Policy and Legal Tools ............................................................................................................ 39 2.3.5 International Agreements and Frameworks .................................................................................. 40 2.4 From Policy to Strategy ................................................................................................................. 42 3 LEVERAGING THE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDGE ......................................................................... 43 3.1. Japan’s civil space programme: evolution and drivers .................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Endogenous Drivers ............................................................................................................................ 46 3.1.2 Exogenous Drivers .............................................................................................................................. 47 3.2 Japan’s civil space programme: strategic objectives .................................................................. 49 3.2.1 Stimulate economic growth and ensure a safe and prosperous society ................................. 49 3.2.2 Strengthen Japan´s international position through progress in frontier areas ....................... 51 3.2.3 Ensure autonomy in the conduct of space activities ................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Embed S&T into an organic cycle .................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Tools and mechanisms to achieve objectives ............................................................................. 54 3.3.1 Programmes ........................................................................................................................................ 54 3.3.2 Legal and Regulatory Tools ............................................................................................................... 64 3.3.3 Diplomacy and Cooperation Frameworks ...................................................................................... 69 4 INVIGORATING THE SPACE INDUSTRY ........................................................................................... 76 4.1 Japan’s Space Industry: Evolution and Drivers ............................................................................ 76 4.1.1 Endogenous Drivers: ............................................................................................................................... 80 4.1.1 Exogenous Drivers .............................................................................................................................. 81 4.2 Disentangling the Strategy ............................................................................................................ 83 4.2.1 Promotion of the space utilisation industry ................................................................................... 83 4.2.2 Promotion of the space equipment industry (Upstream) ............................................................ 84 4.2.3 Overseas expansion ........................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.4 Improving the Business environment.............................................................................................. 85 4.3 Tools and Mechanisms to Achieve Objectives ............................................................................ 86 4.3.1 Programmes & Tools ......................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.2 Legal and regulatory measures ........................................................................................................ 96 4.3.3 Diplomacy and Cooperation .............................................................................................................. 99 5 STRENGTHENING JAPAN’S SECURITY THROUGH AND IN SPACE .................................................... 102 5.1 Japan’s space security policy: evolution and drivers ................................................................. 102 5.1.1 Exogenous driver ............................................................................................................................... 104 5.1.2 Endogenous Drivers .......................................................................................................................... 106 5.2 Japan’s space security objectives .............................................................................................. 107 5.2.1 Supporting security through outer space ..................................................................................... 107 5.2.2 Ensure a stable and sustainable utilisation of outer space ...................................................... 110 5.2.3 Gain space superiority ...................................................................................................................... 112 5.3 Tools & mechanisms to achieve objectives ............................................................................... 113 5.3.1 Programmes ...................................................................................................................................... 114 5.3.2 Legal and Regulatory Measures ..................................................................................................... 119 5.3.3 Diplomacy and Cooperation Frameworks .................................................................................... 122 6 JAPAN´S SPACE STRATEGY: AN APPRAISAL ................................................................................