SNC2D - The nine planetary boundaries project Background The idea that the planet has nine boundaries that humanity must live within to ensure a safe living space is an idea that was first thought of in 2009 by the Stockholm Resilience Centre in Stockholm, Sweden. It has been updated in 2015 with data that reflects the current situation in all of the nine boundaries. The idea of the nine boundaries is that crossing any one or more of them may be catastrophic for Earth and humanity and trigger major environmental changes. The report has given a quantitative limit or upper threshold for seven of the nine, and reports on the current values around the world. Climate change is one of them. Resources: • Visit http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html for information on their Stockholm Resilience’s research. • Visit https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/ to read the full study. • Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgqtrlixYR4 to watch a TED Talk. (18 mins) • Visit http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary- boundaries/planetary-boundaries-data.html to view the study’s data and figures. • Visit http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary- boundaries/planetary-boundaries/about-the-research/the-nine-planetary- boundaries.html for a summary of each boundary. Activity To introduce the topic to the students briefly share with them what the Nine Planetary Boundaries are, then expose the students to aspects of the report and the figures and graphics from the website that show how each of the Nine Planetary Boundaries are being approached or crossed already. Ask the students questions to get them engaged and thinking. Since there are Nine Planetary Boundaries, make nine groups of students in your class (2-3 students per group), and assign one of the Nine Planetary Boundaries for them to become familiar with and research then present their ideas to the class. The Nine Planetary Boundaries have been summarized for you on the following nine pages (big numbers in the top left corner). Give one page per group. Timeline (1-2 periods) 1. On the first day, share the information, handouts and discuss with them what the Nine Planetary Boundaries are. (10-15 min) 2. Break the students into the nine groups, and assign one of the Nine Planetary Boundaries (one of the handouts attached) and ask them to become “experts” on the subject (20-30 min). 3. On the second day have your class arrange their desks in a horseshoe or other way that is conducive to a debate/discussion (so that everyone is facing each other). Have each group (the Nine Planetary Boundaries) share their information with the class (this can be done orally, using technology, or whatever means you/they choose). As the two or three students are presenting the one Planetary Boundary, remind the rest of the students that they should be taking notes for themselves, as well as asking questions/making other statements with the group. Ultimately you are trying to engage a healthy debate and dialogue among students. Student Sheet Before: Review this graphic, and review material shared with you by your teacher as well as all your class notes on climate change. During: Take notes during your classmates’ presentations. Consider how we, as a society, can change so Earth stays within the boundaries. Ask yourself: • What stands out to you? • What are you surprised or shocked about? • What doesn’t surprise you at all? • What is new here? What didn’t you know before? • What does this make you think about now? After: Reflection After you have listened to all the presentations from your class, consider the following questions. 1. Reflect on all the information you just heard today in class. What information sticks with you the most? What were you really shocked about? 2. What information was ‘new’ to you today? What hadn’t you previously known before about the state of the environment of the planet that you now do? 3. Of all the Nine Planetary Boundaries which one do you think is the most pressing or the one that seems the most severe of all them all? 4. Which one do you feel you have the ability to have a positive impact on (in other words: reducing the effect)? Describe how you could lessen your impact on environment. What actions would you take? 1 Stratospheric ozone depletion Planetary boundary name Summary Where we were in 2015 Stratospheric ozone Less than 5 % below pre- Still safely inside the depletion industrial level of about 290 boundary except over Dobson Units (DU) (One DU is Antarctica during the 0.01 mm thick at standard spring, when levels drop temperature and pressure and to 200 DU. relates to how thick the ozone layer would be if it were compressed in the Earth’s atmosphere). The stratospheric ozone layer in the atmosphere filters out ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. If this layer decreases, increasing amounts of UV radiation will reach ground level. This can cause a higher incidence of skin cancer in humans as well as damage to terrestrial and marine biological systems. The appearance of the Antarctic ozone hole was proof that increased concentrations of anthropogenic ozone-depleting chemical substances, interacting with polar stratospheric clouds, had passed a threshold and moved the Antarctic stratosphere into a new regime. Fortunately, because of the actions taken as a result of the Montreal Protocol, we appear to be on the path that will allow us to stay within this boundary. Source: The Stockholm Resilience Project - The Nine Planetary Boundary http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary- boundaries/about-the-research/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html. 2 Loss of biosphere integrity Planetary boundary Name Summary Where we were in 2015 Loss of biosphere integrity. Maintain 90% of Biodiversity has dropped (Extinctions) biodiversity. to 84% in parts of the world such as Africa. (The global distribution of combined relative mean species abundance of original species (MSA) is an approximation of the aggregated human pressure on the terrestrial biosphere.) The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of 2005 concluded that changes to ecosystems due to human activities were more rapid in the past 50 years than at any time in human history, increasing the risks of abrupt and irreversible changes. The main drivers of change are the demand for food, water, and natural resources, causing severe biodiversity loss and leading to changes in ecosystem services. These drivers are either steady, showing no evidence of declining over time, or are increasing in intensity. The current high rates of ecosystem damage and extinction can be slowed by efforts to protect the integrity of living systems (the biosphere), enhancing habitat, and improving connectivity between ecosystems while maintaining the high agricultural productivity that humanity needs. Further research is underway to improve the availability of reliable data for use as the 'control variables' for this boundary. Source: The Stockholm Resilience Project - The Nine Planetary Boundary http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary- boundaries/about-the-research/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html. 3 Chemical pollution and the release of novel entities Planetary boundary name Summary Where we were in 2015 C hemical pollution and Dumping of organic Still unknown. the release of novel pollutants, radioactive entities. materials, nanomaterials, micro-plastics, and other man-made substances into the environment. The effect is unknown. Emissions of toxic and long-lived substances such as synthetic organic pollutants, heavy metal compounds and radioactive materials represent some of the key human- driven changes to the planetary environment. These compounds can have potentially irreversible effects on living organisms and on the physical environment (by affecting atmospheric processes and climate). Even when the uptake and bioaccumulation of chemical pollution is at sub-lethal levels for organisms, the effects of reduced fertility and the potential of permanent genetic damage can have severe effects on ecosystems far removed from the source of the pollution. For example, persistent organic compounds have caused dramatic reductions in bird populations and impaired reproduction and development in marine mammals. There are many examples of additive and synergic effects from these compounds, but these are still poorly understood scientifically. At present, we are unable to quantify a single chemical pollution boundary, although the risk of crossing Earth system thresholds is considered sufficiently well-defined for it to be included in the list as a priority for precautionary action and for further research. Source: The Stockholm Resilience Project - The Nine Planetary Boundary http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary- boundaries/about-the-research/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html. 4 Climate change Planetary boundary Name S ummary Where we were in 2015 Climate change Atmospheric concentrations Carbon dioxide levels are of carbon dioxide at no at 400ppm and climbing. more than 350ppm. (ppm = parts per million) Recent evidence suggests that the Earth, now passing 390 ppmv CO2 in the atmosphere, has already transgressed the planetary boundary and is approaching several Earth system thresholds. We have reached a point at which the loss of summer polar sea-ice is almost certainly irreversible. This is one example of a well-defined threshold above which rapid physical feedback mechanisms can drive the Earth system into a much warmer state with sea levels metres higher than present. The weakening or reversal of terrestrial carbon sinks, for example through the on-going destruction of the world's rainforests, is another potential tipping point, where climate-carbon cycle feedbacks accelerate Earth's warming and intensify the climate impacts. A major question is how long we can remain over this boundary before large, irreversible changes become unavoidable. Source: The Stockholm Resilience Project - The Nine Planetary Boundary http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary- boundaries/about-the-research/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html.