CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Jan. 2008, p. 60–96 Vol. 21, No. 1 0893-8512/08/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-07 Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation P. Martı´n-Da´vila,1,2* J. Fortu´n,1,2 R. Lo´pez-Ve´lez,1,3 F. Norman,3 M. Montes de Oca,3 P. Zamarro´n,3 M. I. Gonza´lez,3 A. Moreno,4 T. Pumarola,5 G. Garrido,6 A. Candela,7 and S. Moreno1 Infectious Diseases Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain1; Transplant Infectious Diseases Team, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain2; Tropical and Travel Medicine Unit, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain3; Infectious Diseases Department, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain4; Microbiology Department, Clinic Hospital, Barcelona, Spain5; Spanish Transplantation Network, Madrid, Spain6; and Anaesthesiology Department, Transplant Program, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain7 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................62 Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation ...........................62 VIRAL INFECTIONS...................................................................................................................................................63 Infections Caused by HTLV-1/2..............................................................................................................................63 Illnesses..................................................................................................................................................................63 (i) ATL................................................................................................................................................................63 (ii) TSP...............................................................................................................................................................63 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................63 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................63 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................65 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................66 (i) Seroprevalence .............................................................................................................................................66 (ii) Type of organ transplanted, exposure to blood transfusions, and viral characteristics..................66 (iii) Influence of immunosuppression............................................................................................................66 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................67 Infections Caused by West Nile Virus ...................................................................................................................67 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................67 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................68 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................68 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................68 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................68 Infections Caused by Rabies Virus.........................................................................................................................69 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................69 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................69 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................69 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................70 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................70 FUNGAL INFECTIONS ..............................................................................................................................................70 Infections Caused by Coccidioides immitis .............................................................................................................70 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................70 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................70 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................71 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................71 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................71 Infections Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.......................................................................................................72 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................72 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................72 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................72 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................72 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................73 * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Ramo´n y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain. Phone: 34 913368710. Fax: 34 913368792. E-mail: pmartin [email protected]. 60 VOL. 21, 2008 TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS DURING SOLID-ORGAN TRANSPLANT 61 Other Regional Fungal Infections ..........................................................................................................................73 Infections caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis .............................................................................................73 Infections caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis....................................................................................................73 Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei ..............................................................................................74 PARASITIC INFECTIONS .........................................................................................................................................74 Infections Caused by Plasmodium spp. ..................................................................................................................74 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................74 Diagnostic methods ..............................................................................................................................................74 Routes of transmission.........................................................................................................................................75 Transplant-related cases......................................................................................................................................75 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................75 Infections Caused by Leishmania spp. ...................................................................................................................76 Geographic distribution .......................................................................................................................................76