NOTES AND REFERENCES Chapter 1 1. American Society of Newspaper Editors Annual Conference, Boston, May 1991. 2. von Clausewitz, K.M., Vom Kriege, Berlin, 1832, p. 1. 3. Rapaport, A., Three Principles of War. Introduction to Clausewitz On War, Pelican, London, 1968, p. 13. 4. Hammond, G., 'Low Intensity Conflict: War by Another Name', in Small Wars and Insurgencies, Frank Cass, London, vol. I, no. 3, December 1990, p. 226-38. 5. As examples of current military thinking that follows the predominance of the military victory, see the US Army FM-JOO Operations Series, especially FMJ00-5 and FMIOO-IO Low Intensity Conflict, HQ Department of the Army, Washington, 1976. 6. Rapaport, op. cit., p. 47. 7. For a detailed examination of the competing theories of war and the dilemma posed by the development of the nuclear threat, see Aaron R., Peace and War: A Theory of International RelatiOns, (Trans) Doubleday, New York, 1966, and On War, Anchor Books, New York, 1963, by the same author; Waller, W., War in the 20th Century, Dryden Press, New York, 1940; Earle, E. (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1943; Singer, J., Deterrence, Arms Control and Disarmament, Ohio State University Press, Ohio, 1962; Vagts, A., A History of Militarism, Meridian Books, New York, 1959; Khan, H., On Escalation, Metaphors and Scenarios, Praeger, New York, 1959; Khan, H., On Thermonuclear War, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1963; Gavin, K., War and Peace in the Space Age, Harvard University Press, New York, 1958; and Hayes, C., Nationalism, A Religion, Macmillan, New York, 1960. 8. For a detailed examination of the round of post World War II conflicts see Chapter 3, 'The Alarm Bell Conflicts', covering Korea, Indochina and Algeria. For Vietnam, see Chapter 5, 'Vietnam: Deception on a National Scale'. 9. Kissinger, H., Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, Harper, New York, 1957, p. 147-9. 297 298 The Media and the Military 10. Woodman, S., 'Defming Limited Conflict: A case of mistaken identity', paper delivered to the International Conference on Defence and the Media in Time of Limited Conflict, Brisbane, April 1991. See also Godfrey, S., Low Intensity Conflict Contingencies and Australian Defence Policy, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence, No. 34, SDSC, ANU, Canberra, February 1985. 11. CLIC Papers Series, JCS Publication 1-02, Army Air Force Centre for Low Intensity Conflict, Langley, Virginia, May 1988. See also Joint Low Intensity Conflict Project: Final Report, US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, August 1986. 12. Hammond, op. cit., p. 268-72. 13. RAAF Air Power Manual 1990, p. 6-7. Quoted by the Governor­ General, Mr Bill Hayden, in his address to the International Conference on Defence and the Media in Time of Limited Conflict, Brisbane, April 1991. 14. Threats to Australia's Security, Their Nature and Probability, Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, AGPS, Canberra, 1981. 15. Hammond, op. cit., p. 234. 16. O'Brien, W., The Conduct of Just and Limited War, Praeger, New York, 1981. For a detailed examination of the concept of limited or low intensity conflict, see Knorr, R. & Read, T., Limited Strategic War, Pall Mall Press, London, 1962; Osgood, R., Strategic Thought in the Nuclear Age, Heinemann, London, 1979, and Limited War, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1957 by the same author. See also Halperin, M., Limited War in the Nuclear Age, Wiley, New York, 1966 and Strategy in the Nuclear Age, Wiley, New York, 1983 by the same author; Khan, H., Escalation, Metaphors and Scenarios, Pall Mall Press, London, 1965; Olsen, W., 'The Concept of Small Wars', in Small Wars and Insurgencies, Frank Cass, London, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1990; Thompson, L., Low Intensity Conflict, An Overview, Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1989; and Michael, H., Restraints on War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978. 17. For a detailed examination of the emergence and development of Social Contract Theory, see Barker, E., Social Contract, World Classics, OUP, London, 1959 and Social Contract, Dover Publications, New York, 1950 by the same author; Lively, J., & Reev, A., Modern Political Theory from Hobbes to Marx, Routledge, New York, 1989; Gough, J., The Social Contract: A Critical Study of its Development, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957; Notes and References 299 and Plamenatz, J., Man and Society, vol. 2, McGraw Hill, New York, 1963. 18. Locke, J., First Treatise, Section 92; Second Treatise, Sections 3,11,57,134 and 139, paras. 160-1. See also Laslett, P., Locke's Two Treatises ofGovernment, Clarendon Press, London, 1960. 19. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, C. McPherson (ed.), Penguin, London, 1975. See also, Oakeshott, M., Hobbes on Civil Association, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1975; and Hampton, J., Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 1985. 20. Rousseau, 1., The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right, chaps. v, vii. See also Cranston, M., The Social Contract: By Jean Jacques Rousseau, Penguin, London, 1968; Vaught, E., The Political Writings ofJean Jacques Rousseau, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1915; and Vaughan, C., Jean Jacques Rousseau, Political Writings. Blackwell, Oxford, 1962. 21. Bentham, J., Constitutional Code, p. 127. For an overview of Bentham and his School, see also Lively & Reev, op. cit. 22. Thomas, H., An Unfinished History of the World, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1981; see especially the chapters on 'Population's Great Leap' and 'Urban Man'. For examples of this period of European nationalism and imperialism, see Hobson, J., Imperialism: A Study, London, 1902; and Kipling, R., From Sea to Sea, London, 1900. 23. Marwick, A., War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century, Bodley Head, London, 1974. 24. For a detailed examination of the restrictions imposed on the differing nations, see Luddendorf, F., My War Memoirs 1914-18, (trans.), London, 1919; Ferro, M., The Great War, Macmillan, London, 1973; Steiner, Z., Britain and the Origins ofthe First World War, Macmillan, London, 1977. 25. Marwick, op. cit.; see also Towle, P., 'The Debate on Wartime Censorship in Britain 1902-1914', War and SOCiety, 1975; and McKenzie, J., Propaganda Boom, John Giffard, London, 1938. 26. Meyer, A., Marxism, the Unity of Theory and Practice, Michigan University Press, Michigan, 1963, p. 4-5. 27. Marwick, A., Britain in the Century of Total War, Macmillan, London, 1968. 28. Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. For additional material on Rawls' views, see McMurrin, S., John Rawls: Liberty, Equality and Law, Tanner Lectures on Moral Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987; and Brennan, G., & 300 The Media and the Military Buchanan, J., The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985. 29. Parekh, B., Contemporary Political Thinkers, Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1982, p. 172-4. See also the Essay by Rawls in Laslett, P., & Fishkin, J. (eds), Philosophy, Politics and Society, Blackwell, Oxford, 1979. 30. Parekh, op. cit., p. 199-200. 31. For an examination of the growth of modem media and its acceptances, see The Australian Broadcasting Tribunal Annual Report 1990 and Denton, R., & Woodward, C., Political Communications in America, Praeger, New York, 1985. 32. Barendt, E., Freedom of Speech, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987, p. 68. See also Akehurst, M., A Modern Introduction to International Law, Allen & Unwin, London, 1970; and the Constitutions of Australia, The United States, and West Germany for examples of guaranteed freedom of speech. 33. See the Australian Freedom of Information Act (1981), and similar legislation in the United States, West Germany and Canada. See also the report by the (Australian) Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs on the Freedom of Information Bill 1979 and Aspects of the Archives Bill 1978. See also Spigelman, J., Secrecy and Political Censorship in Australia, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1972; Mathams, R., Sub Rosa, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1982; Wolfson, S., The Untapped Power of the Press, Praeger, New York,1985. 34. Schumpeter, J., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Harper & Row, New York, 1982, p. 289. See also Buchanan, J., The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1975. 35. For a detailed analysis of these two competing theories see Rosen, 8., Holding Government Bureaucracies Accountable, Praeger, New York, 1982; Lebedoff, 8., The New Elite, Franklin Watts, New York, 1981; Frank, M., & Weisband, E., Secrecy and Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, London, 1974; and Struve, W., Elites Against Democracy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1973. 36. Gration, P., address to the International Conference on Defence and the Media in Time of Limited Conflict, Brisbane, April 1991. See also public attitude polls on the Falklands, Grenada, Panama and the Gulf war in chapters in this work. 37. See Barendt, op. cit., especially chap. iv 'Prior Restraint', and chap. v, 'Political Speech'. Notes and References 301 38. For examples of the weight of opinion supporting the Government's right to secrecy, see Millar, T., Australia in Peace and War, ANU Press, Canberra, 1978, and 'A Special Case for Secrecy', Quadrant, June 1981. Commonwealth ofAustralia v John Fairfax and Sons Ltd and Others: Commonwealth of Australia