ZZ LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2017 North Atlantic Treaty Organization London International Model United Nations 18th Session | 2017 tsTable of Content 1 ZZ LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents WELCOME TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION .............................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE .................................................................................................................. 4 TOPIC A: FORMING A NATO STRATEGY IN CYBERSPACE ............................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Timeline of notable attacks ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1998 – 2001 “MOONLIGHT MAZE” ....................................................................................................................... 7 2005 – 2011 TITAN RAIN & BYZANTINE HADES .................................................................................................. 8 2007 Estonia DDoS Campaigns ................................................................................................................................ 9 2008 Russia – Georgia War ...................................................................................................................................... 9 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................................................................... 10 December 2015 BlackEnergy3 Malware in Western Ukraine ................................................................................ 10 2016 US Election Hacking Campaigns ................................................................................................................... 11 The Attribution Problem.......................................................................................................................................... 12 Is this Cyber War? .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Defining ‘Critical National Infrastructure’............................................................................................................. 13 Collective Security Assurances ............................................................................................................................... 13 Regulating Attack Toolkits ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Building Readiness .................................................................................................................................................. 14 ‘BLOC POSITIONS’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION SHOULD ANSWER .............................................................................................................. 16 SOURCES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 TOPIC B: NATO’S EASTERN DIMENSION: ASSURING ALLIES AND DETERRING RUSSIA .................... 20 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 20 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Enlargement of NATO ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Agreements .............................................................................................................................................................. 23 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Eastward expansion ................................................................................................................................................ 24 The Ukraine conflict ................................................................................................................................................ 25 Anti-ballistic missile defence ................................................................................................................................... 26 Rapid response force ............................................................................................................................................... 27 CURRENT SITUATION .................................................................................................................................................... 28 2016 Warsaw summit .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Military exercises .................................................................................................................................................... 29 BLOC POSITIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 30 QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION SHOULD ANSWER .............................................................................................................. 31 SOURCES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32 CONFERENCE INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 34 2 ZZ LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2017 Welcome to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Dear Delegates, After having completed a War Studies degree at King’s College London, I am currently pursuing a Masters in Management at the London School of Economics. During my MUN career, I have been active in the American, European, and world circuits, and held tenure as President & Founder of the KCL United Nations Association as well as Best Delegate Media Chair of the United Kingdom. LIMUN always holds a special place for me. It is thus an honor to return for the fourth time with my partner-in-crime Gabriela Silova. We are excited to deliver the very best chairing to you all. NATO will be a challenging yet rewarding committee for you all. With consensus voting and complex current topics, there will be no shortage of material for you to address head-on. Good luck on your preparation and if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to send us an e- mail! Your Director, Yuji Develle – [email protected] Dear Delegates, My name is Gabriela Silova, and after graduating from King’s College London with BSc in Political Economy, I joined a graduate scheme with an investment bank in London. Throughout my academic years, I had the pleasure to attend the highest quality conferences worldwide both as a delegate and a chair. Having participated in NATO committees in the past myself, I am delighted to be your Assistant Director alongside Yuji, while we tackle two pressing topics. Since LIMUN 2017 will also be my fourth time I return to the conference, I have no doubt about the quality of debate and negotiation from you delegates. All the best with research! Your Assistant Director, Gabriela Silova 3 ZZ LONDON INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2017 Introduction to the committee Founded as a result of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the world’s largest (and arguably most powerful) military alliance comprising 28 members from both sides of the Atlantic in the North American and European continents. A political & military alliance, system of collective defence, channel for trans- Atlantic security cooperation, and think tank for strategic doctrine, NATO pursues its core missions in four major ways. Decisions & Consultations at a variety of political and military levels made across all 28 states and decided upon in a consensual manner; Active Operations & Missions in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Africa (broadly), the Mediterranean, and the Horn of Africa under the premises of Article 5 of the Washington Treaty and/or a UNSC mandate; Partnerships developed with other countries and organizations to the end of strengthening its depth and reach; Constant re-evaluation and re-developing of members states’ policies, capabilities, and structures so as to remain at the forefront of rapidly evolving new threats. (NATO.int) In this simulation, you will be representing a member state of the North Atlantic Council, the ‘principal political decision-making body of NATO’ (NATO.int). Decisions are undertaken on a consensual basis. While the