P TITLES IN THE COLLECTION 5 5 1 Nous governs locals: regeneració política Col·lecció Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern I 5 i estabilitat pressupostària Alfredo Galán Galán (coord.) 2 Why Languages Matter to People: Communication, identity and justice in western democracies. The case of mixed societies Elvira Riera Gil Recent developments in Europe suggest that the dynamic of globalization and transnational integration rather fuels than obstructs aspirations to alter political The Catalan Process 3 El desenvolupament de l’autogovern borders drawn in pre-democratic times. All evidence at hand at present indicates en matèria de territori, paisatge, litoral that self-determination will continue to be one of the most pressing issues on the i urbanisme world’s political agenda. The demands for sovereignty articulated over the last Sovereignty, Self-Determination Joan Manuel Trayter Jiménez (dir.) ten years in Catalonia are an obvious manifestation of this trend. However, the Catalan “process” is a complex phenomenon. This book aims at helping the reader and Democracy in the 21st Century 4 Transparencia y rendición de to grasp and interpret this complexity. It brings into focus those political events cuentas de las relaciones de cooperación and constellations in Catalonia’s recent history that are central for an appropriate intergubernamental en el Estado understanding of the process. The book also shows that the process has a political autonómico relevance that goes way beyond the Spanish-Catalan context and relates to key María Jesús García Morales issues concerning the interplay of democracy, sovereignty and statehood in the Peter A. Kraus & Joan Vergés Gifra (eds.) 21st century. The main rationale underlying the different views presented in this volume is precisely the conviction that what has been, and still is, going on in Catalonia opens up important insights when it comes to grasping some of the most salient challenges democratic governance faces in an age that – in Europe The Catalan Process as in other parts of the world – combines identity politics and globalism in often surprising ways. ISBN 978-84-393-9610-9 9 7 8 8 4 3 9 3 9 6 1 0 9 The Catalan Process Col·lecció Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern I 5 The Catalan Process Sovereignty, Self-Determination and Democracy in the 21st Century Peter A. Kraus & Joan Vergés Gifra (eds.) Albert Branchadell Laura Cappuccio Alain-G. Gagnon Jaume López Hèctor López Bofill Lluís Pérez Ferran Requejo Marc Sanjaume-Calvet Ivan Serrano Michel Seymour Neus Torbisco Casals Barcelona 2017 Biblioteca de Catalunya. Dades CIP: TheCatalan process : sovereignty, self-determination and democracy in the 21st century. – (Col·lecció Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern ; 5) Bibliografia. – Conté: Introduction / Peter A. Kraus, Joan Vergés Gifra -- Peoples and their right to self-determination / Michel Seymour -- The ultimate check / Lluís Pérez -- Liberal democracies, federalism and national pluralism / Ferran Requejo -- Democratizing sovereignty / Peter A. Kraus -- The right to decide / Jaume López -- Normative views in practice / Ivan Serrano -- Secession, democracy and power / Hèctor López Bofill -- Post-secession duties / Albert Branchadell -- National minorities, self-determination and human rights / Neus Torbisco Casals -- Sovereignty, fragility and time in the Catalan process / Joan Vergés Gifra -- Sovereignty and autonomy in the case law of the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts / Laura Cappuccio -- Clash of legitimacies in Catalonia and Spain / Alain-G. Gagnon and Marc Sanjaume-Calvet ISBN 9788439396109. – ISBN 9788439396116 (PDF). – ISBN 9788439396123 (EPUB) I. Kraus, Peter A., editor literari II. Vergés Gifra, Joan, 1972- editor literari III. Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern (Catalunya) IV. Col·lecció: Col·lecció Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern ; 5 1. Autodeterminació nacional – Catalunya 2. Sobirania – Catalunya 3. Independència – Catalunya 4. Secessió – Catalunya 5. Democràcia – Catalunya 323.17(460.23)”20” 321.011(460.23)”20” 321.7(460.23)”20” The IEA’s decision to publish this book does not imply any responsibility for its content. © 2017 Generalitat de Catalunya. Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern Palau Centelles. Baixada de Sant Miquel, 8 - 08002 Barcelona web: presidencia.gencat.cat/iea Design: Addenda ISBN:. 978-84-393-9610-9 (print) 978-84-393-9611-6 (pdf) 978-84-393-9612-3 (epub) Legal deposit number: B 24600-2017 Production: Entitat Autònoma del Diari Oficial i de Publicacions Typeset in Calendas Plus This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (cc by-nc-nd) license. Contents 1. Introduction 11 Peter A. Kraus, Joan Vergés Gifra 1.1. A Context of Crisis 12 1.2. The 2006 Statute of Autonomy 13 1.3. The Ruling of the Constitutional Court and the Start of the Process 15 1.4. Mass Mobilizations 15 1.5. Catalan Institutions and the Process 16 1.6. The Consultation of November 9, 2014 (9N) 17 1.7. The “Plebiscitary” Elections and the Process, Today 18 1.8. Old Grievances, New Politics 20 1.9. The Non-Obsolescence of Secession 21 1.10. The Process in the Context of the Post-Francoist State 22 1.11. Plan of the Book 25 References 27 2. Peoples and Their Right to Self-Determination 29 Michel Seymour 2.1. What Is The Problem? 30 2.2. What Kinds of Populations Are already Identified as Peoples? 35 2.3. A Terminological Caveat 39 2.4. Defining Peoples and Other National Groups 41 2.5. Internal Self-Determination 43 2.6. From Internal Self-Determination to Secession 46 2.7. Conclusion 50 References 51 3. The Ultimate Check: Republicanism, Multinational Federations and Right to Secession 53 Lluís Pérez 3.1. Republicanism and Secession 54 3.1.1. What Does “Republicanism” Mean? 54 3.1.2. Secession Conflicts and Domination 56 6 3.2. Size, Freedom and the Federal Republic 58 3.2.1. The Size of the Republic 58 3.2.2. Federation as Negarchy 60 3.3. Multinational Federal Arrangements as an Alternative to Secession 62 3.3.1. What Is a Multinational Federation? 62 3.3.2. Multinational Federations and the Threat of Permanent Majorities 64 3.4. A Non-Unilateral Right of Secession as a Federal Check 66 3.5. Right of Secession in Catalonia: The Only Path (if Any) to the Third Way 70 3.6. Conclusion 74 References 74 4. Liberal Democracies, Federalism and National Pluralism: Walking from Kant to Hegel 77 Ferran Requejo 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Plurinational Federalism: A Comparative Approach 78 4.3. National Pluralism, Secession and Political Liberalism 85 4.3.1. Theories of Secession 85 4.3.2. National Pluralism, Recognition and Political Accommodation: A Little Bit of Political Philosophy 90 References 95 5. Democratizing Sovereignty: the Catalan “Process” in a Theoretical Perspective 99 Peter A. Kraus 5.1. Two Dead Ends and a Possible Way Out 101 5.2. “Autonomy Is Not Sovereignty” 106 5.3. Sovereignty in the “Process,” Sovereignty in Process 112 References 117 6. The Right to Decide: a Right of the 21st Century 121 Jaume López 6.1. What Can Be Done in the 21st Century if a Political Community Wants to Become an Independent State? 121 6.2. The Relationship between the Right to Decide and the Right to Self-Determination 123 7 6.3. The Relationship between the Right to Decide and Normative Theories of Secession 128 6.4. The Relationship between the Right to Decide and the Right of Minorities 131 6.5. Addendum: Catalonia and the Right to Decide 134 References 136 7. Normative Views in Practice: the Political Discourse on Secession in Catalonia 2003-2015 139 Ivan Serrano 7.1. Introduction 139 7.2. Theories of Secession in Practice 140 7.3. The Statutory Reform: The Last Expression of Traditional Catalanism 142 7.4. The Failed Expectations of Autonomy within Spain 146 7.5. A Remedial Shift towards Self-Determination 148 7.6. Democratic and Welfare Arguments for Secession 150 7.7. Conclusion 153 References 153 8. Secession, Democracy and Power: the Catalan Case 159 Hèctor López Bofill 8.1. Introduction 159 8.2. Democracy and Secession in the Past 161 8.3. The State as a Human Community that Claims the Monopoly of the Legitimate Use of Physical Force 166 8.4. State Recognition 168 8.5. Catalan Secession: A New Kind of Secession or a Repetition of Previous Cases? 171 References 172 9. Post-Secession Duties: about the Equal Recognition of Languages in an Independent Catalonia 175 Albert Branchadell 9.1. State of the Art 175 9.2 Discussion 178 9.2.1. State Obligations towards Languages 180 9.2.2. Newly Independent States’ Obligations towards Languages 182 9.2.3. Post-Secession Catalan State Duties towards Spanish 187 8 9.3. Conclusion 190 References 191 10. National Minorities, Self-Determination and Human Rights: a Critique of the Dominant Paradigms in the Catalan Case 195 Neus Torbisco Casals 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. The Politicization of Identity and the Rights of National Minorities 199 10.3. National Minorities and Self-Government Demands: The Role of Historical Rights 207 10.4. Democracy, Self-Determination and Secession: A Critical Appraisal of the “Right to Decide” 213 10.5. Reclaiming Human Rights as a Justice-Based Framework: the Ongoing Relevance of the Right to Self-Determination of Peoples in Post-Colonial Contexts 219 References 222 11. Sovereignty, Fragility and Time in the Catalan Process 227 Joan Vergés Gifra 11.1. Introduction 227 11.2. To Be Sovereign 228 11.3. To Be Fragile 237 11.4. To Be Temporary 243 References 249 12. Sovereignty and Autonomy in the Case Law of the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts: Remarks 251 Laura Cappuccio 12.1. Introduction 251 12.2. The Use of Sovereignty by the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts in the First Stage of Implementation of Autonomy Models 254 12.3.