Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union SPORTS CLUB POLICIES IN EUROPE Bjarne Ibsen, Geoff Nichols and Karsten Elmose-Østerlund SOCIAL INCLUSION AND VOLUNTEERING IN SPORTS CLUBS IN EUROPE Sports club policies in Europe A comparison of the public policy context and historical origins of sports clubs across ten European countries Bjarne Ibsen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Geoff Nichols, University of Sheffield, England Karsten Elmose-Østerlund, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Christoph Breuer, German Sport University, Germany Elien Claes, KU Leuven, Belgium Jannik Disch, German Sport University, Germany Svenja Feiler, German Sport University, Germany Ramon Llopis-Goig, University of Valencia, Spain Jo Lucassen, Mulier Institute, the Netherlands Siegfried Nagel, University of Bern, Switzerland Szilvia Perényi, University of Debrecen, Hungary Monika Piatkowska, Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland Jeroen Scheerder, KU Leuven, Belgium Ørnulf Seippel, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Norway Hanne Vandermeerschen, KU Leuven, Belgium Harold van der Werff, Mulier Institute, the Netherlands Jenny Adler Zwahlen, University of Bern, Switzerland Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society University of Southern Denmark Sports club policies in Europe. A comparison of the public policy context and historical origins of sports clubs across ten European countries Bjarne Ibsen, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Geoff Nichols, University of Sheffield, England Karsten Elmose-Østerlund, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Contributors: Christoph Breuer, German Sport University, Germany. Elien Claes, KU Leuven, Belgium. Jannik Disch, German Sport University, Germany. Svenja Feiler, German Sport University, Germany. Ramon Llopis- Goig, University of Valencia, Spain. Jo Lucassen, Mulier Institute, the Netherlands. Siegfried Nagel, Uni- versity of Bern, Switzerland. Szilvia Perényi, University of Debrecen, Hungary. Monika Piatkowska, Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland. Jeroen Scheerder, KU Leuven, Belgium. Ørnulf Seippel, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Norway. Hanne Vandermeerschen, KU Leuven, Belgium. Harold van der Werff, Mulier Institute, the Netherlands. Jenny Adler Zwahlen, University of Bern, Switzerland. University of Southern Denmark, 2016 Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society. ISBN 978-87-93496-02-6 Cover foto: Nils Rosenvold/DGI Fotoarkiv Print: Digitaltryk, Odense This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication only reflects the views of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Table of contents Summary...........................................................................................................................................5 A short introduction to the SIVSCE-project .................................................................................7 Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................7 Work packages and project output .................................................................................................7 Partners ..........................................................................................................................................8 Central concepts ............................................................................................................................8 Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................................9 More information ...........................................................................................................................9 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................11 2. State typologies ..........................................................................................................................13 3. The social and cultural origins of sports clubs .......................................................................16 England: A liberal welfare state ..................................................................................................16 Denmark and Norway: Universalist welfare states .....................................................................17 Germany: A corporative welfare state ........................................................................................17 Hungary: A post-communist welfare state ..................................................................................19 Spain: A Mediterranean welfare state .........................................................................................20 4. Governance of sport ...................................................................................................................22 Federal and unitary states ............................................................................................................22 Centralization versus decentralization ........................................................................................23 Governance form .........................................................................................................................23 5. Sports club policies ....................................................................................................................25 Overall sports policies .................................................................................................................25 The national governmental level .................................................................................................26 Local government level ...............................................................................................................27 Relations with and support from national and regional governing bodies for sport ...................31 6. Policies regarding social inclusion and volunteering..............................................................34 Social inclusion ............................................................................................................................34 Volunteering ................................................................................................................................37 7. Conclusions and explanations ...................................................................................................41 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................41 What can explain the similarities and differences in sports club policies? .................................43 8. Inspiration for further research ...............................................................................................48 9. Country summaries ...................................................................................................................50 Belgium (Flanders) / by Jeroen Scheerder, Elien Claes & Hanne Vandermeerschen .................50 Denmark / by Bjarne Ibsen & Karsten Elmose-Østerlund .........................................................55 England / by Geoff Nichols .........................................................................................................59 Germany / Christoph Breuer, Svenja Feiler & Jannik Disch ......................................................61 Hungary / by Szilvia Perényi .......................................................................................................65 The Netherlands / by Harold van der Werff & Jo Lucassen ........................................................71 Norway / by Ørnulf Seippel.........................................................................................................75 Poland / by Monika Piątkowska ..................................................................................................77 Spain / by Ramon Llopis-Goig ....................................................................................................81 Switzerland / by Siegfried Nagel & Jenny Adler Zwahlen .........................................................86 References .....................................................................................................................................90 Sources and references used in country summaries ...................................................................92 Summary Summary The project, ‘Social Inclusion and Volunteering in Sports Clubs in Europe’ (SIVSCE), is a collaborative partnership co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. The project has been, and will be, implemented in 2015, 2016 and 2017. This project seeks to provide comparable knowledge across ten European countries, con- vert it into concrete suggestions for action, and disseminate this knowledge to politicians and sports professionals across Europe. The main aim is to promote social inclusion and volun- teering in sports clubs in Europe. The project includes eleven partners from ten countries dispersed across Europe. The project is implemented in seven work packages. This report is the results of the first work package with a collection and analyses of sports club policies in the participating