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(9/2003) PNNL-17764 Materials Science and Technology Teachers Handbook Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Published in 1994, cleared for release in 2008 PNNL-17764 Materials Science and Technology Teachers Handbook Science Education Programs Pacific Northwest National Laboratory* Richland, Washington *Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830 Preface This Materials Science and Technology Teachers Handbook was developed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, under support from the U.S. Department of Energy. Many individuals have been involved in writing and reviewing materials for this project since it began at Richland High School in 1986, including contributions from educators at Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Central Washington University, the University of Washington, teachers from Northwest schools, and science and education personnel at Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Support for development was also provided by the U.S. Department of Education. This latest version was revised during l993-1994 by a group of teacher consultants that included Guy Whittaker, Coupeville, Washington; Paul Howard, Richland Washington; Noel Stubbs and Eric Pittenger, Corvallis High School, Corvallis, Oregon; Andy Nydam, River Ridge High School, Lacey Washington; and Len Booth, Lacey, Washington. The following PNL staff members reviewed the guide: Mike Schweiger, Materials and Chemical Sciences Center, Irene Hays and Karen Wieda, Science Education Center; and Jamie Gority and Georganne O’Connor, Communications Directorate. Many other organizations and individu- als providing support are noted in the Acknowledgments section. The curriculum has also been endorsed by the U.S. Materials Education Council and was featured in articles in the MRS Bulletin, the journal of the Materials Research Society in September 1992 and December 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory iii iv U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory MST Teachers Handbook Contents Contents Introduction to Materials Science and Technology What is Materials Science? ......................................................... 1.1 The Relationship of Science and Technology ............................... 1.5 How is Basic Science Linked to Everyday Materials .................... 1.7 A Short History of Materials Science........................................... 1.8 A New Scientific Frontier ............................................................ 1.11 Looking at MST as a Career—“The Field of Dreams” ................... 1.13 Creating an MST Environment MST Curriculum Philosophy/Rationale ........................................ 2.1 Multi-Instructional Approach ...................................................... 2.3 Course of Study ..................................................................... 2.4 Solving Problems ................................................................... 2.5 Creating Student Projects ....................................................... 2.6 Using the Laboratory Journal .................................................. 2.8 Working in Small Groups ....................................................... 2.14 Developing Handiness ........................................................... 2.15 Fostering Creativity ................................................................ 2.16 Teaching in Teams ................................................................. 2.17 Using Community Resources ................................................. 2.18 Setting Up the MST Classroom and Laboratory ........................... 2.21 Laboratory Safety ....................................................................... 2.23 Standards, Learning Goals, and Assessment Standards, Learning Goals, and Assessment ............................... 3.1 National Education Standards for Curriculum, Assessment, and Teaching Strategies ....................................... 3.1 The National Education Standards and MST ................................ 3.2 School-to-Work Opportunities Act ............................................. 3.3 MST Course Content Outline ...................................................... 3.4 Integrating MST into Existing Classes ......................................... 3.5 Learning Goals ........................................................................... 3.6 Assessment ............................................................................... 3.7 Recent Trends in Assessment ..................................................... 3.8 Assessment Techniques ............................................................. 3.9 U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory v MST Teachers Handbook Contents Experiments/Demonstrations Introductory ................................................................. 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4.1 Water Lock ................................................................................ 4.2 Classification of Materials ........................................................... 4.4 Material Systems ........................................................................ 4.6 Crystal Study .............................................................................. 4.14 Iron Wire .................................................................................... 4.22 Paper Clip Destruction ................................................................ 4.30 Ceramic Mantle .......................................................................... 4.34 Light Bulb Filament .................................................................... 4.39 Thixotropy and Dilatancy ............................................................ 4.44 Vocabulary ................................................................................. 4.50 Metals .......................................................................... 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 5.1 Properties of Metals ................................................................... 5.3 Alloying Copper and Zinc .......................................................... 5.7 Alloying Tin and Lead ................................................................ 5.10 Drawing a Wire .......................................................................... 5.16 Aluminum-Zinc Solid-State Phase Change in Metals................... 5.20 Caloric Output of Al-Zn: A Solid-State Phase Change in Metals ...................................... 5.27 Alloying Sterling Silver ............................................................... 5.31 Lost Wax Casting: Investment/Centrifugal Casting ..................... 5.35 Making a Light Bulb ................................................................... 5.42 Vocabulary ................................................................................. 5.46 Ceramics ...................................................................... 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 6.1 Thermal Shock ........................................................................... 6.3 Glass Bead on a Wire ................................................................. 6.10 Glass Bending and Blowing ........................................................ 6.13 Standard Glass Batching ............................................................. 6.17 Glass Melting ............................................................................. 6.27 Dragon Tears/Dragon Dribble ..................................................... 6.32 Glass Coloring ............................................................................ 6.38 Glass Fusing