The Oktoikh 1629 Text and Commentary Irena Marijanović Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Philosophy Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages University of Oslo Autumn 2007 CONTENTS TRANSLITERATION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET VII ABBREVIATIONS USED VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI PREFACE 1 CHAPTER I: PRELIMINARY REMARKS 3 1.0 THE OKTOIKH: ITS HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE ORTHODOX LITURGY 3 1.0.1 Divine services of the Orthodox Church 3 1.0.2 The Greek and Slavonic Oktoikh 6 1.1 CONTENTS AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEXT 7 1.1.1 Contents of the Kievan Oktoikh 7 1.1.2 Physical characteristics of the text 13 CHAPTER II: ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 21 2.0 SPACING, PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALISATION 21 2.0.1 Spacing 21 2.0.2 Spacing: beginning and end of the line 21 2.0.3 Punctuation marks 24 2.0.4 Capitalisation 24 2.1 DIACRITICAL MARKS AND SUPERSCRIPT LETTERS 25 2.1.1 Oksia [ ’ ] 25 2.1.2 Varia [ ‘ ] 26 2.1.3 Kendema and superscript i [ “ ] 27 2.1.4 Iso [ ² ], [ Ê ], [ · ’ ] 28 2.1.5 Velikij apostrof [ '¾ ] 28 2.1.6 Titlo [ 8 ] 29 2.1.7 Pokrytie [ ˆ ] 31 2.1.8 Kratkaja, slitnaja, brevis [ º ] 36 2.1.9 Horizontal spiritus [ ¨ ] 36 2.1.10 Trema [ ¢ ] 37 2.1.11 Psili, spiritus lenis, tonkaja [ ' ] 37 2.1.12 Kamora, circumfelx, oblečenaja [ ¯ ] 38 2.1.13 Paerok [ 6 ], [ 7 ] 39 2.1.14 Point [ · ] 39 2.1.15 Absence of accentuation 40 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF ALPHABETICAL INVENTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LETTERS 40 2.2.1 Vowel and consonant letters 40 2.2.2 Orthography: distribution of letters 40 2.2.3 Spelling of Greek words: distribution of ÷, ø, ƒ, œ, þ 42 2.2.4 Distribution of a-letters 43 2.2.5 Distribution of e-letters 44 2.2.6 Distribution of z-letters 46 iii 2.2.7 Distribution of i-letters 48 2.2.8 Distribution of o-letters 50 2.2.9 Distribution of u-letters 52 2.2.10 Distribution of jers 53 2.3 ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 53 2.3.1 Reflexes of diphthongs in liquid sonants 54 2.3.2 Presence/absence of second (progressive) palatalisation of velar consonants 56 2.3.3 Yodisation 58 2.3.4 Treatment of ê and ö 60 2.3.5 Dispalatalisation of consonants 64 2.3.6 Loss of word-initial j before rounded vowels 68 2.3.7 Loss of jers and attendant consequences 69 2.3.8 Rise of the “new a”/akan’e 73 2.3.9 Palatalisation of velar consonants and further developments 74 2.3.10 Assimilation in and simplification of consonant clusters 75 2.3.11 Mutation ´a > ´e 77 2.3.12 Treatment of ì, ß, ý, i in different environments after j 77 2.3.13 Development of the sequence an + n 79 CHAPTER III: NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY 81 3.0 DECLENSION OF NOUNS IN SINGULAR AND PLURAL 81 3.0.1 Singular declension 81 3.0.2 Plural declension 89 3.1 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES IN SINGULAR AND PLURAL 95 3.1.1 Singular and plural declension of short adjectives 95 3.1.2 Singular declension of long adjectives 98 3.1.3 Plural declension of long adjectives 99 3.2 COMPARATIVE FORMS AND SUPERLATIVES 101 3.3 A NOTE ON THE DUAL 101 3.4 NUMERALS: CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS 102 3.5 PRONOUNS 103 3.5.1 Personal and reflexive pronouns 104 3.5.2 Demonstrative pronouns 105 3.5.3 Possessive pronouns 106 3.5.4 Miscellaneous 107 3.6 ADVERBS 108 CHAPTER IV: VERBAL MORPHOLOGY 111 4.0 THE INFINITIVE 111 4.1 THE PRESENT/FUTURE TENSE 111 4.2 THE IMPERATIVE 114 4.3 THE THREE PAST TENSES: IMPERFECT, AORIST AND PERFECT 116 4.3.1 Imperfect 117 4.3.2 Aorist 117 4.3.3 Perfect 119 4.4 PAST AND PRESENT PARTICIPLES 119 4.4.1 Past and Present Passive Participles 119 4.4.2 Present and Past Active Participles 122 CHAPTER V: SYNTAX 127 5.0 SINGLE VS. DOUBLE NEGATION 127 iv 5.1 GENITIVE OF EXCLAMATION 128 5.2 DATIVE ABSOLUTE 129 5.3 NOUN IN NOMINATIVE CASE AS OBJECT OF INFINITIVE 129 5.4 VERB IMETI VS. NOMINAL SENTENCE 130 5.5 FUNCTION OF KOTORYJ 131 5.6 EXPRESSION OF POSSESSION 132 5.7 NEUTER PLURAL EXPRESSING ABSTRACT NOUNS 134 5.8 PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH OT 134 5.9 SUBSTANTIVISED PARTICIPLES 135 5.10 BALKANISM DA + INDICATIVE 135 5.11 CONSTRUCTION Ö<Ö + INFINITIVE 136 5.12 PREDICATIVE INSTRUMENTAL VS. PREDICATIVE NOMINATIVE 137 5.13 GENITIVE OF NEGATION 139 5.14 WORD ORDER 140 5.14.1 Position of copula 140 5.14.2 Position of attributive adjectives 141 5.15 FORMS OF VERB ‘BYTI’ WITH PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 142 5.16 RELATIVE VS. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 142 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 143 6.0 PHONOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 143 6.1 GREAT RUSSIAN OR SOUTH-WESTERN REDACTION OF CHURCH SLAVONIC? 146 6.2 SMOTRYC’KYJ’S GRAMMATIKI AND THE 1629 OKTOIKH 147 APPENDIX: THE KIEVAN OKTOIKH (TRANSCRIBED TEXT) 149 REFERENCES 205 v Transliteration of the Cyrillic Alphabet Cyrillic OCS CES Br R U а a a a a a б b b b b b в v v v v v г g g h g h ґ g д d d d d d е e e e e e є je ж ž ž ž ž ž з z z z z z и i i i y i i i i i й j j j к k k k k k л l l l l l м m m m m m н n n n n n о o o o o o п p p p p p р r r r r r с s s s s s т t t t t t у u u u u u ў w ф f f f f f х x x x x x ц c c c c c ч č č č č č ш š š š š š щ št šč šč šč šč ъ ъ ъ ’’ ы y y y y ь ь ь ’ ’ ’ ê ě ě ю ju ju ju ju ju я ja ja ja ja ja è je je э ė ė ã ę ja à ję ja õ o˛ u ò jo˛ ju œ ks ks þ ps ps ƒ th th ø o o ÷ i i vii Abbreviations used A, acc. accusative act. active adj. adjective B Bulgarian Br Belarusian C consonant Ca Cassubian CES Common East Slavonic* Cz Czech ChSl Church Slavonic** CSBr Contemporary Standard Belarusian CSR Contemporary Standard Russian CSU Contemporary Standard Ukrainian Dan. Daniel D, dat. dative Deut. Deuteronomy dial. dialectical du. dual ed. edition ESl East Slavonic Exod. Exodus fem. feminine fol.r recto side of the folio fol.v verso side of the folio G, gen. genitive Gk Greek*** Hab. Habakkuk I, instr. instrumental imperf. imperfective inf. infinitive * Following Pugh (1996: 2–9), the terms ‘Ruthenian’ and ‘CES’ (Common East Slavonic) are used in this thesis. The former refers to the uncodified written language used in the Ukrainian and Belarusian territories from the 14th to the 17th century. This term may be further qualified by either ‘Ukrainian’ or ‘Belarusian’ when a particular linguistic feature is characteristic of only one of the languages. The latter term is used to denote the period of linguistic development common to the three East Slavonic languages – Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian – spanning approximately the middle of the 9th to the beginning of the 14th century. It should be borne in mind that the nomenclature of East Slavonic languages both in relation to the earliest period of their development and their subsequent individual histories (especially with regard to Ukrainian and Belarusian), is a complex issue, a detailed examination of which lies beyond the remit of this dissertation. For a detailed discussion and references see, Danylenko (2006: 89–141) and Pugh (1996: 2–9). ** The term ‘OCS’ refers to the first written Slavonic language as attested in the manuscripts written in the Cyrillo-Methodian literary tradition in the period spanning the 10th until the end of the 11th century. The term ‘Church Slavonic’ (ChSl) is used to refer to the language in which manuscripts and texts, after the end of the 11th century, were written (Schenker 1995: 186–190). This term may be further qualified by the words ‘Moscow or (Great) Russian’, ‘South-Western’ (i.e. Ukrainian/Belarusian), ‘Bulgarian’, ‘Macedonian’ or ‘Serbian’ to refer to a particular local redaction of Church Slavonic (for further details see, Schenker (1995: 190–193) and Uspenskij (2002: 355–364). The term ‘Synodal Church Slavonic’ is used to denote the present- day form of Church Slavonic that is used in the Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian and other Orthodox churches (Mathiesen 1972: 70). *** Accentual marks are not used in this thesis when rendering Greek words. viii Isa. Isaiah L, loc. locative M Macedonian Mar. Codex Marianus masc. masculine Mk. Mark neut. neuter N, nom. nominative OCS Old Church Slavonic** Ostro. ev. Ostromir’s Evangeliary P Polish part. participle pass. passive per. person perf. perfective PIE Proto-Indo-European pl. plural Po Polabian p.p.p. past passive participle PS Proto-Slavonic rev. revised R Russian; sonant Ru Ruthenian* S Slovene Sam. Samuel Sav. Savvina kniga SC Serbo-Croatian sg. singular Sl Slovak Sr Sorbian (Upper and Lower) SSl South Slavonic s.v. sub verbo U Ukrainian V vowel V, voc.