Appendix. Conversion Factors The symbols and units of measure that we use to describe and to study ecology change and seem to expand on virtually a daily basis. The follow­ ing appendix of information is provided as an aid in translating these symbols and units. The first section provides a summary of the Systeme Internationale and those prefixes used, as well as a condensed conversion table of the most commonly used units. The second section provides a fairly comprehensive conversion table, including both common and some obscure units. The third section provides a metric conversion table pertain­ ing most specifically to the dispersion of various forms of air pollutants but which is also useful in other areas, including the even distribution of a substance over a surface. Section One General SI (Systeme Internationale) Conversion Tables SI Base Units Name of Unit Quantity unit symbol Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Name of Unit Quantity unit symbol Electric current Ampere A Thermodynamic Kelvin K temperature Luminous intensity candela cd Amount of mole mol 190 Appendix. Conversion Factors Approved Numerical Prefixes Exponential expression Decimal equivalent Prefix Phonic Symbol 1012 1 000 000 000 000 tera ter' a T 10' 1000000000 giga ji' ga G 106 1 000000 mega meg' a M' 103 1000 kilo kil' 0 k' 102 100 hecto hek' to n 10 10 deka dek' a da 10-1 0.1 deci des'i d 10-2 0.01 centi sen'ti c' 10-3 0.001 milli mil'i m' 10-6 0.000001 micro mi' kro JJ-' 10-' 0.000 000 001 nano nan' 0 n 10-12 0.000 000 000 001 pico pe' ko p 10-15 0.000 000 000 000 001 femto fem' to f 10-18 0.000000000000000001 atto at' to a 'Most commonly used units. Length Units Symbol Meters Angstrom A 1 x 10-10 Millimicron mJJ- 1 x 10-' Micron JJ- .000001 Millimeter mm .001 Centimeter cm .01 Decimeter dm .10 Meter m to Dekameter dkm 10 Hectometer hm 100 Kilometer km 1000 Weight Units Symbol Grams Microgram JJ-g .000001 Milligram mg .001 Centigram cg .01 Decigram dg .10 Gram g to Dekagram dkg 10 Hectogram hg 100 Kilogram kg 1000 Appendix. Conversion Factors 191 Volume Units Symbol Liters Microliter ~I .000001 Milliliter ml .001 Centiliter cl .01 Deciliter dl .10 Liter I 1.0 Dekaliter dkl 10.0 Hectoliter hi 100.0 Kiloliter kl 1000.0 Conversion Tables Length Unit Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Centimeter 1.00 0.01 0.00001 0.39370 0.032808 Meter 100.00 1.00 0.001 39.370 3.2808 Kilometer 100000. 1000.00 1.00 39370.0 3280.8 Inch 2.54 0.02540 0.000025 1.00 0.08333 Foot 30.4801 0.304801 0.000305 12.00 1.00 1 angstrom = 0.0001 microns = 1 x 10-8 centimeters = 3.937 x 10-9 inches 1 micron = 1 x 10" angstroms = 1 x 10-4 centimeters = 3.397 x 10-5 inches 1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile 1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers Mass and Weight Grains Drams Ounces Ounces Unit Grams avoir. avoir. avoir. Troy Milligram 0.001 0.015432 0.000564 0.0000353 0.0000322 Gram 1.00 15.43236 0.564383 0.0352740 0.0321507 Kilogram 1000.0 15432.36 564.383 35.2740 32.1507 Dram (Av.) 1.771845 27.34375 1.00 0.0625 0.056966 Ounce (Av). 28.3495 437.5 16.00 1.00 0.911458 Pound (Av.) 453.5924 7000.0 256.00 16.00 14.5833 Ounce (Tr.) 31.1035 480.00 17.55428 1.09714 1.00 1 cu. ft water at 60°F = 62.37 Ibs avo 1 gal (U.S.) water at 62°F = 8.337 Ibs avo 192 Appendix. Conversion Factors Volume and Capacity FLounce Liq.pints Cubic Cubic Unit Liters (U.S.) (U.S.) centimeters inches Milliliter 0.001 0.0338147 0.002113 1.00003 0.061025 Liter 1.00 33.8147 2.1134 1000.03 61.025 Cu. cm (cc) 0.001 0.0338147 0.002113 1.00 0.061023 Cu. inch 0.0163867 0.554113 0.034632 16.3872 1.00 Flo dram (U.S.) 0.003696 0.125 0.007813 3.6967 0.225586 Flo oz (U.S.) 0.0295729 1.00 0.0625 29.5737 1.80469 Liq. pint (U.S.) 0.473167 16.00 1.00 473.179 28.875 Liq. gal (U.S.) 3.7853 128.00 8.00 3785.43 231.00 1 gal (U.S.) = 0.83268 gals (British) 1 gal (British) = 1.20094 gals (U.S.) 1 minim = 0.0020833 Oz (U.S. fl.) = 0.016667 dram (U.S. fl.) = 0.061610 ml = 0.061612 cc Area Square Square Units centimeters inches Sq. Cm. 1.00 .1550 Sq. Meter 10000.00 1550.00 Sq. Inch 6.451626 1.00 Sq. Foot 929.0341 144.00 Pressure 1 atmosphere = 14.696 Ibs/sq. in. 1 atmosphere = 1.01325 x 106 dynes/sq. cm 1 atmosphere = 760.00 mm of mercury at O°C 1 cm of mercury at O°C = 0.013158 atmospheres Section Two To convert: Into: Multiply by: A Abcoulomb statcou lombs 2.998 X 10'0 Acre (U.S.) sq. chain (Gunters) 10.0 Acre rods2 160.0 Acre square links (Gunters) 1 x 105 Acre hectare or sq. hectometer 0.4047 Acres sq. feet 43,560.0 Acres sq. meters 4047.0 Acres sq. miles 1.5625 x 10-3 Acres sq. yards 4840.0 Acres cuerdas 1.0303 Acre-feet cu. feet 43,560.0 Appendix. Conversion Factors 193 To convert: Into: Multiply by: Acre-feet gallons 3.259 x 10' Amperes/sq. cm. amps/sq. in. 6.452 Amperes/sq. cm. amps/sq. meter 10' Amperes/sq. in. amps/sq. cm 0.1550 Amperes/sq. in. amps/sq. meter 1550.0 Amperes/sq. meter amps/sq. cm 10' Amperes/sq. meter amps/sq. in. 6.452 x 10' Ampere -hr coulombs 3600.0 Ampere - hr faradays 0.03731 Ampere/tu rns gilberts 1.257 Ampere-turns/cm amp-turns/in. 2.540 Ampere-tu rns/cm amp-tu rns/meter 100.0 Ampere-turns/cm gilberts/in 1.257 Ampere-turns/in amp-tu rns/cm 0.3937 Ampere-turns/in. amp-tu rns/meter 39.37 Ampere-turns/in. gi Iberts/cm 0.4950 Ampere-tu rns/meter amp-tu rns/cm 0.01 Ampere-tu rns/meter amp-turns/in. 0.0254 Ampere-turns/meter gilberts/cm 0.01257 Angstrom unit inch 3937 x 10-" Angstrom unit meter 1 x 10-10 Angstrom unit Micron (or IL) 1 x 10-' Anker (beer) gallons 10.0 Are acre (US) 0.02471 Ares sq. yards 119.60 Ares acres (British) 0.02471 Ares sq. meters 100.0 Astronomical unit kilometers 1.495 x 108 Atmospheres ton sq. inch 0.007348 Atmospheres cm mercury 76.0 Atmospheres ft water (at 4°C) 33.90 Atmospheres in. mercury (at O°C) 29.92 Atmospheres kg/sq. cm 1.0333 Atmospheres kg/sp. meter 10,332 Atmospheres pounds/sq. in. 14.70 Atmospheres tons/sq ft 1.058 B Bag (British) Bushels 3 Barrels (U.S. dry) cu. inches 7056.0 Barrels (U.S. dry) quarts (dry) 105.0 Barrels (U.S. liquid) gallons 31.5 Barrels (oil) gallons (oil) 42.0 Bars atmospheres 0.9869 Bars dynes/sq. cm 10· Bars kg/sq. meter 1.020 x 10' Bars pounds/sq. ft 2089.0 Bars pounds/sq. in. 14.50 Baryl dyne/sq. cm 1.000 Bolt (U.S. cloth) meters 36.576 BTU liter-atmosphere 10.409 BTU ergs 1.0550 x 10'0 194 Appendix. Conversion Factors To convert: Into: Multiply by: BTU foot-Ibs 7.97 BTU gram-calories 252.0 BTU horsepower-hr 3.929 x 10-' BTU joules 1054.8 BTU kilogram-calories 0.2520 BTU kilogram-meters 107.56 BTU kilowatt-hr 2.928 x 10-' BTU/hr foot-pou nds/s 0.2162 BTU/hr gram-cal/s 0.0700 BTU/hr horsepower-hr 3.929 x 10-' BTU-hr watts 0.2931 BTU/min foot-Ibs/s 12.96 BTU/min horsepower 0.02358 BTU/min kilowatts 0.01757 BTU/min watts 17.58 BTU/sq. ft/min watts/sq. in. 0.1221 Bucket (British dry) cubic cm 1.818 x 10' Bushels (U.S. dry) cu. ft 1.2444 Bushels cu. in 2150.4 Bushels cu. meters 0.03524 Bushels liters 35.24 Bushels pecks 4.0 Bushels pints (dry) 64.0 Bushels quarts (dry) 32.0 Butt (British, dry) gallons 126 C Calories, gram (mean) BTU (mean) 3.9685 x 10-3 Candle/sq cm Lamberts 3.142 Candle/sq in Lamberts 0.4870 Carat (metric) milligrams 200.0 Centares (centiares) sq. meters 1.0 Centigrade Fahrenheit CC x 9/5) + 32 Centigrams grams 0.01 Centiliter ounce fluid (US) 0.3382 Centiliter cubic inch 0.6103 Centiliter drams 2.705 Centiliters liters 0.01 Centi meters feet 3.281 x 10-2 Centimeters inches 0.3937 Centimeters kilometers 10-5 Centimeters meters 0.01 Centimeters miles 6.214 x 10-6 Centi meters millimeters 10.0 Centimeters mils 393.7 Centimeters yards 1.094 x 10-2 Centimeter-dynes cm-grams 1.020 x 10-3 Cental pounds 100 Cental kilograms 45.359 Centimeter-dynes meter-kg 1.020 x 10-6 Centi meter-dynes pound-feet 7.376 x 10-6 Centi meter-g rams cm-dynes 980.7 Appendix. Conversion Factors 195 To convert: Into: Multiply by: Centimeter-grams meter-kg 10-3 Centi meter-grams pound-feet 7.233 x 10-3 Centimeters of mercury atmospheres 0.01316 Centimeters of mercury feet of water 0.4460 Centimers of mercury kg/sq.