If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF CE National Technical InformationService PB-296 809 Vehicle Anti-Theft Security ...... i System Design. Volume II Technical Report Arthur O. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA Prepared for National~Fli~]hwayTraffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC Dec 78 / / J ~Vo ? L r PB 4" 296809 ............ DOT H$o804340 " / VEHICLE ANTI-THE~ SECURITY SYSTEM DESiG.N Volume !1. Technical Report e,/ John So H0wland Arthur D. Little, Inc. Acorn Perk Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 Contract No. DOT HS-7-01723 Contract Amt: $121,280 "f December 1978 FINAL REPORT mmooucrmBy NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION. SERVICE U~8. DEPARTMENTOF OOMMERGE SPRIFJGFIELD,VA, 223,61 This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service, e Springfield, Virginia 22161 : Prepared For U.S. DEPARTMENTOF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington. D.C. 20590~_ II T'.I ~ . / :.:.'!.. / Th~s document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation .in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. /. p / :.m PORTIONS OF THIS REPORT ARE NOT LEGIBLE, HO~';EVER, IT IS THE BEST REPRODUCTION AVAILABLE FROM THE COPY SENT TO NTIS, .' ~i ." .,:" / ! Technical Rep~r~ Doc~,~Ho, Pegs 1. R~port No. | 2. GoYernme.ntAccession'No. 3. I% 1 PB296809 ~. Title end Subt'IHe 5, Report Date VEHICLE AI~T~-THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM DESIGN December 1978... -t 6. Performing Organization Code Voiu~ H: Technical Report 8. Parf0rming Organization Repo. No. 7. Aufl~orl=) W" J~n S. Howland C,8121fi 9, Porw Organization Name ~d Addre=s 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Arthur O. Little. Inc... Acorn Park | 1. Contract or Grant No. Cambridge, Mass. 02140 DOT-HS-7-01723 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. ~pc~t~orieg Agency Name and Addrec=, Final Report U.~. Oepertment of Transportation October 1977 to Deceml~r 1978 Nat~ona~ Highway Traffic Safety Administration W~In~o~, D.C, :20690 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notre ~b~tro Thi~ repor~ r comprehensive study of automobile theft and anti-theft system design. It isprinted in two voOum~: VolUme i -- Summary Report and Volume II - Technical Report. A vehicle theft survey was conducted : consi=~Ing of a literature Search and interview of a wide range of expert sources, including law enforcement officials, insurance pen~onnel0 automobile manufacturers~ and automobile thieves. The data, which includes up-to-date ~tati~tic~on U~ft rates, motives, methocis0 and costs, were analyzed to identify and rank the imPortant performance ~rit~ri~ for an~-~n~ft systems. B~as~d ~ ~ criteria, a conceptual design study was conducted to identi~ end-theft system concepts. S~veral ~mising ~m co~r were found and a remote steering lock coded by means of a keyboard in the passenger c~mp~rCn~nt ~ ~iectsd as optimum for the test system, it was fabricated and installed in a test vehicle. P~'ior ~o ~he instatletion of the improved system, the factow-equipped locked vehicle was mobilized by an amateur ~ubjec~ in 50 seconds. The improved system resisted the efforts of a retired professional auto thief who gave up ~ ~rH~tt a~r nearly 17 minutes. This was well beyond the design goal of 10 minutes. The uJ~im~te cor price increase to Cover the system is estimated to be between $17 and $36. This is well b~low ~ d~Ett gr o# ~ which was be~d On the expected average savings in theft costs over the life of the vehicle. As a result of the survey and the design program, a modified safety standard based on minimum time-to-defeat is recommended as the most straightforward and least design-restrictive approach. An alternative, based on limited ~r ~l~ the vulnerable components; is also recommended if subjective compliance testing must be avoided. However; the latter alternative is inherently moradesign restrictive. ~7, Kay t~o=d8 18. Dtctrlbution Statement Au~o~obib Document is Available to the U.S. Public through the National Technical Information Serviceo Springfield, VA 22161 ~. Auto Theft ~thocb Safety ,~ir -- Theft Protection 19. ~-u~ty r (of ~ls r~ct) 20. Security Cleesif. (of this pege) 21. No. of Pages ! 22. Price U~d~ified Unclassified :o~ DOT F 170007 (a=72) Reproduction of completed page authorized i ] IITNIC COmRI~ON FACTORS k [ L ~. " An,w..0.~ c.,,~.~,.. ,. u..k u..,.m" i ~. To Fim4 Wlmn Tee Em ,m,~, LI||TN __ LINITN ~oltmlmtl~ .-- 2 0,04 i I 0.4 m v~h . e.t. + 1.1: ~ m mIq~s ~l~umm~e eJ .. _ AIIIA .J m,., ..,...m L. m.~ ~,~ UlmS veeq 0.N aq,,e,s Vo,~ I.e m amman IJ oal~m v~r N WO qlmm k.m,mwl " O.* iqmm il~. Mews a~foe :.o. im film ,J; 8Ji a~eo I,.a. ho ! I"- tlllIt IwOtiltkil ., . .. I 0.11 'MI klOqm~ U N I "-4| = ! 6 V@Lgll T~pm~wmmm Is : 0 .. amllilllIr ml ml II~llil;l~l O.M " . ~,~w~s ~I flwkl~ millilill~; ml ! ~Onl ~M minces milliliilgte Hin,s le.i p~ .Jl.: ml t films " I I p~o .. o.4~ fllmm tilIr l, I Imlten, a, qlW~qs : O.~ m | I. , m | pllios . : " ' 1.0 hike.. ! eubk a,wm~ 1J Cvbr feo~ o.q~ " moll+ll m) , . === vnJ~ds 0.~ m~l T"~ I'"F T|IIP|IIAlrUII! (exNI) ~.. == m =L--'---- r S4 Io~ FJa~t Cohmleo *r ald~mq --._~ FL_ " ef N " tU - lr~ -.o ~ ,. .oL.,o ! i i I * i i i --40 -tO IO 140 '0 .0 , eC St oct-+ %.,-- .. 0 @ PREFACE The ~uthor would like to e~pres8 his appreciation for the opportunity afforded by this program to extend and deepen his background and understanding of the technology of autom0- bi]| theft. Ithas been interesting and rewarding work,~ being a subject Containing elements of such diverse fields as engineering, law enforcement, safety technology, sociology, Consumer affairs, and i~urance. It is hoped that this work will contribute toward a creative, cooperative effort by Government and industry to reduce the burden 0f automobile theft -- a burden b0me by virtua]ly every U.S. citizen. Many individuals contributed to the successful conclusion of this program. Consultants included Mr. David Barry, who helped with his general knowledge of the problem and to marshal West Coast informationsources for the survey, and Mr. Rufus "Tinker" whittier, who contrib- U~t hi~ unique talents as the test subject for the validation tests. The theft survey would not have been possible without the generous help provided by the many sources of information listed in Appendix B of Volume II. In addition, the assistance Of Lt. Courtney of the San Francisco County Jail and Mr. William Quealy at the Middlesex County Hou~ of Correction in obtaining the thief in~rview8 was greatly appreciated. The" number of Arthur D. Little? - Inc., people who applied their special talents to the pro~am i~ too great for individual recognition and, thus, thanks must be tendered collectively. H~vever, the design efforts of the principa! contributors listed on the title page, the library ~ist~ce of Ms. Kathleen Long, the secretarial services of Ms. Donna Sullivan; and editorial ~rvices of Mr. Dana Pierce deserve special acknowledgement. Finally, but certainly not least, the author would like to thank Mr. Dennis Grieder of NHTSA, Contract Technical Manager, whose cooperation andcontribution were essential tO the succe~ful completion Of the project. & iii ix e,J xi I 3 VEHSCLE THEFT SURVEY 3 . ..'.. 5 ~.~ 6 ~= VEHOC THEFT StU~VEY . SoURCEs OF THEFT DATA 7 THEFT RATES 8 . .. THEFT i~OTOVE~; THEFT CO~S 13 THEFT TECHNOLOGV 17 27 .UNSQUE CHARACTER OF ANTI THEFTPERFORMANCE-. 27 GE~E RAL~ZED"ANTi.THEFT SYSTEM 29 ~E~FORM,~NCECROTERaA CLASSES 31 35 'V" Preceding pag~ bla~ . ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued) / 'Page 4. ANTi'THEFT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA (Cont'd.) RANKING OF FUNCTIONALCRITERIA 8 :O RAN KING OF ATTACK R ESISTANCE CR ITE R IA 45 EFFECT OF THIEF ADAPTABILITY 50 SUMMARY 51 s. SYSTEM DESIGN 53 DESIGN GOALS AND SPECIFICATIONS 53 CONCEPT EVALUATION AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN 65 DETAILED DESIGN =.~ : 77 i . SYSTEM TESTS ' 91 ,,L FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY 91 BENCH TESTS 91 VEHICLE TESTS 91 . ANTI,THEFT STANDARD DEVELOPM[_NT 97 . coMPARISON OF EXISTING STANDARDS 97 DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS 1011 RECOMMENDEDSAFE Y STANOARDS 103 S. CONCLUSIONS 107 VEHICLE THEFT SURVEY 107 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 108 vt ,4 TABLEOF COHTENT$ {Continued) CGNCi,US|ON$ (cont'd.) SYSTEM DESIGN ; lOS ANTI-THEFT STANDARD 109 RECOMMENDATIONS 1ii OEVELOPMENT-TESTING . 1il B 4 FIELD TESTING 11 i DEVELOPMENT OF A TAMPER DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT OF.DEFEAT TIME COMPLIANCE TESTING 112 LD~T. OF REFERENCES 115 PENDiCES 119 ~:~PE~JDiX A.= LITERATURE SURVEYAND BIBLIOGRAPHY i21 A~PENDOX B iNFORMATiON ~OURCE$CONSULTED 127 ,~@PEH~0X C = LiST OF TYPgCAL AFTERMARKET ANTi,~THEFT DEVICES .129 ~PPENDBX ~ = CAR THIEF g~TERViEW$ 131 APPENDIX E = LOCKPICKING AND PICK-RESISTANCE LOCKS 139 APPENDIX F = MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETYEr'ANDARD NO. 114 1#,7 APPE Di• o = ECONOMIC COMMiSSiON OF EUROPE REGULATION NO; 'IS 149 vii LIST OF TABLES rTable NO,. i:Pago "-1 Theft~Rate in Messechuutts - January 1974 9 " 2 Theft Rates by Manufacturer and Model Year 9 3 Theft,Rate by Year in California and Messechumtts " 10 je 4 TheftRall~ by Vehicle Category -11 5 Analysis of Recovered Vehicles : , 12 6 Major Theft Motives 13 7 Averege~Lou by Model Year 15 8 Total Estimated Theft Costs for 1976 16 9 Summary of Vehicles Stolen with a Key in the Ignition Lock 22 10 Minimum Time for Removal of Ignition Lock Cylinder " by Meam of a Slide-Hammer 25 11 Summary of Estimated Auto-Theft Costs by Type of Theft 36 12 Summary of Automobile Theft incidence in 1976 by Type of Theft 37 13 consumer Costs for Anti-Theft Equipment and RelatedHardware ~39 14 Theft Deterrenea Rating - Functional Criteria 41 15 Functional Criteria Ranked i n Orderof DecreaSing : Theft Deterrence .