Appendix 1 A Brief History of Graphology Taken from the World Wide Web (unless otherwise indicated): http://www.britishgraphology.org/history.htm • Beginning of 17th Centuary - Alderisius Prosper made the first known systematic attempt to provide information about the relationship between character traits and specific graphic signs in handwriting in a published study entitled “Ideographia” (Marne, 1981). • 1622 - Camillo Bardi published the first recognised and known treatise on graphology. The treatise provided a method of judging the nature of a person from their handwriting (White, 2002). • 1872 - Jean-Hippolyte Michon discovered the meaning of “signs”, interpreted as outward indices of particular inner attributes. This ascribed a “fixed” and definite meaning to each sign (Marne, 1981). • 1877 - Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the phrase “Graphology” from the Greek words “Graph” meaning “to write” and “Logus” meaning “doctrine” or “theory”. • Early 19th Centuary - Crepieux-Jamin defined 7 elements of handwriting (i.e. dimension, form, pressure, speed, direction, layout, continuity) and attributed a range of possible meanings to every element, and insisted that the value of any given sign is not “fixed” and that its significance and interpretation can vary depending upon the other features in the writing. • 1890 – Alfred Binet first tested the assumption that specific character traits correlate with specific handwriting traits. The affirmative results achieved with respect to graphic indices of honesty and intelligence brought new esteem to graphology. He also confirmed that neither the chronological age nor the sex of a writer can be conclusively ascertained from their script (Marne, 1981). • 1895 - William Preyer recognised that handwriting is in fact “brainwriting”. He correctly postulated that if a writer lost a writing arm and had to use the opposite hand, or even the mouth or foot as in the case of paralysis, the same basic tendencies will appear in script. 151 • 1897 - Hans Busse formed the Association for Graphological Research. • Early 20th Centuary - Dr. Ludvig Klages created the first complete and systematic scientific theory of graphology following methodical empirical research. • Dr. Max Pulver made contributions in terms of the symbolism in handwriting, both in direction and in symbolism of space. He divided handwriting into 3 vertical zones; vertical movement, horizontal movement and depth. • Robert Saudek established the concept of “speed” in handwriting. • Hans Jacoby developed the “science of the expression of movements” revealing that gestures seen in the writer’s body language such as the manner of walking, expressive movements of hands and arms, for example, were also reflected in the handwriting. • Alfred Mendel demonstrated that the “pressure” of handwriting could be broken down into many different areas depending upon the writer’s personal proclivities, each of which indicated highly revealing aspects of the writer. • 1930’s - Robert Saudek used quantitative methods and experimentally examined handwriting movements. • 1931 - Klara Roman invented the graphhodyne which is a mechanical device that recorded quantitative and qualitative measurements of the dynamic components of the writing movement such as pressure, speed, interruptions of flow and variations of emphasis (rhythm). • 1942 - heralded a decisive step towards the introduction of an objective method in graphology when S. Lewinson and Joseph Zubin developed a system of scales which they applied in a clinical manner to the handwriting of normal and abnormal individuals (Marne, 1981). • 1985 - Professor Rudolph Pophal brought graphology into the area of research and made many discoveries related to brain and muscle structuring which confirmed the earlier assertion of Preyer (1985) that handwriting is indeed “brainwriting” 152 Appendix 2 Validation Studies and Research This list is far from definitive or complete, but it does give an indication of the extent of the research that has been done, and is still being done, to validate handwriting analysis. The full list can be obtained on the World Wide Web at: http://compusysnt.compusys.iafrica.com/sandline/research.htm Brown, N.K., & Scott, R.H. (1984). Validation of a personnel selection system to meet EEOS guidelines. Journal of Handwriting Psychology, 1 (1), 349-350. Nevo, B. (1986). Graphology validation studies in Israel. Springfield: Charles C.Thomas. Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. (1959). Discriminant validation by the multitrait- multiumethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105. Crumbaugh, J.C., & Stockholm, E. (1977). Validation of graphoanalysis by global or holistic method. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 3-410. Eysenck, H.J. (1945). Graphological analysis and psychiatry: An experimental study. Brirish Journal of Psychology, 35, 70-81. Eysenck, H.J., & Gudjonsson, G. (1986). An empirical study of the validity of handwriting analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 263-264. Fluckinger, F. A., Tripp, A., & Weinberg, G.H. (1961). A review of experimental research in graphology: 1933-1960. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 12, 67-90. Glbraith, D., & Wilson, W. (1964). Reliability of the graphoanalytic approach to handwriting analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19 (2), 615-618. 153 Jansen, A. (1973). Validation of graphological judgements: An experimental study. The Hague: Mouton. King, L. (1974). Graphology: An evaluation of some research performed in its investigation. Bountiful: Leslie King. Kraus, R. (1993). Reliability and validity of handwriting analysis compared to the standard battery. PhD Thesis. Lorr, M., & Golder, J.V. (1948). Validation of some handwriting scales against personality inventory scores. American Psychologist, 3, 262. Mohl, A. M. (1952). Report on twenty three years of research in handwriting. Medical Woman’s Journal, 59, 409-411. Neter, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1989). The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytical approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 737-745. Nevo, B. (1986a). Reliability of Graphology: A survey of the literature in scientific aspects of graphology. Springfield: Charles C Thomas. Nevo, B. (1989). Validation of graphology through use of a matching method based ranking. Perceptual and Skills, 69, 734-745. Thomas, D.L. (1966). Validity of graphology in the assessment of personality characteristics. Master’s Thesis, Colorada State University: Thomas. Vestewig, R., Santee, A.H., & Moss, M.K. (1976). Validity and student acceptance of graphoanalytic approach to personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40 (6), 592- 598. 154 Appendix 3 Journal of the American Society of Professional Graphologists The purpose of the journal is to present theoretical and research papers in scientific graphology according to traditional academic standards. Some random titles related to psychology are listed below. The full list can be obtained on the World Wide Web at: http://www.aspghandwriting.org/journal.htm Volume I: 1989 • The Status and Future of Scientific Graphology (J. Fancy). • Alcoholism and Handwriting (T. S Lewinson). • The Preconscious in Handwriting (M. J. Seifer). Volume II: 1991 • Children in Distress: The Graphological Viewpoint (L. Vaisman., & V. DeLeo). • Integrity and Handwriting (P. Siegel). • The Use of Handwriting Analysis as a Psychodiagnostic Technique (T. S. Lewison). • The Right Brain Approach To Handwriting Analysis (T. I. Seifer., & M. J. Seifer, Ph.D.). Volume III: 1993 • The use of Handwriting in Psychotherapeutic Practice (H. O. Teltscher, Ph.D.). • Centenarians (B. Z. Lyons). • Drug Addition in Handwriting (V. E. Dileo). Volume IV: 1995/1996 • A Scientific Approach for Research in Graphology (T. I. Seifer). • Indicators of Sexual Abuse in Handwriting (S. Ward). • Alcohol Abuse Therapy and Handwriting (E. E. Peeples., & G. Bishop). • Measuring Handwriting to Identify Thinking and Behavioural Styles in Four Quadrants of the Brain (J Farmer). 155 Volume V: 1999 • A Research on Sublimation (R. Nezos., & The British Academy Research Team). • Motivations and Compensations (B. d’ Anglards). • The Planetary Types in Handwriting: A Typology for a Better Understanding of Behaviour, Personality and Motivations (E. Jeuffroy). • Assessment of Maturity and Distress in the Star-Wave-Tests of Five Year Olds (D.Yalon). • Neuroleptic Agents and Handwriting (M. Mateley). Volume VI: 2004 • The Compatibility of the Couple (V. De Petrillo). • Graphology as Applied to Children (J. Peugeot). • A Graphological Picture of Creativity and Mental Distress (L. Vaisman). • Suicide: Graphological Perspectives (P. Siegel). 156 Appendix 4 Examples of combined attributes reflected in an overall behaviour Traits • Affable - upswinging end-stroke (affable lift). - open roundness of formations (receptive, co-operation). - pre-strokes (desire to please based on insecurity). - light-pressured t-bar (lack of firmness). Characteristics • Confidence - sturdy capitals (consistent with or slightly larger than upper zone limit, clearly and simply formed). - a clear readable script (nothing to hide; security). - the absence of unnecessary strokes, especially pre-strokes (self- assurance, security). - a firm baseline (clear objectives, emotional security). Attitudes • Determination - firm pressure. - strong t-bars. - heavier downstrokes. Drives • Greed - pronounced use of aquisitive hooks. - tight over-crowding of letters and words, especially if combined with narrow to no margins (stingy). - over-inflated lower zone loops (material