University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Chieftain: The Journal of Traditional Governance Chieftain, Volume 1, 2004- 2005-10-06T16:44:27Z Queen Mothers and Social Workers: A Potential collaboration between traditional authority and social work in Ghana Kreitzer, Linda http://hdl.handle.net/1880/42980 journal article http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Attribution 2.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca 1 Abstract Kingship (chieftaincy) is an institution that has existed since ancient times in Africa (Kludze, 2000). It is an institution that has played a major role in many Ghanaian ethnic groups as the governor of customary law. Important to traditional authority is the Queen Mother. She is the biological mother or close relation to the chief and offers advice and counsel to him. Today they have many roles in their communities including being diplomats and mediators as well as overseeing the welfare of women and children in the community. Western style social work has been present in West Africa since the 1940’s encouraged by the United Nations and the Association of Social Work Educators in Africa. Social workers have been trained in Ghana since 1946 and work in government and non-government agencies. The development of communities and the social welfare of children and women are of concern to social workers as well as to Queen Mothers. In 2002, a group of social work researchers met for ten months to look at the indigenisation of social work curriculum in Ghana with a Queen Mother as part of this group. This article describes the important dialogue between social workers and the Queen Mother concerning their roles in the community with potential future collaboration with each other that would enhance community development. 2 Queen Mothers and Social Workers: A Potential collaboration between traditional authority and social work in Ghana I. Introduction Kingship (chieftaincy) is an institution that has existed since ancient times in Africa (Kludze, 2000). It is an institution that has played a major role in many Ghanaian ethnic groups as the governor of customary law. Traditionally, the role of the king at the divisional level was to administer the Division, look after the spiritual, physical and emotional welfare of the people, to maintain law and order, consult with elders, lead the army into battle and act as mediator between ancestors and the clans (Busia, 1951). Today, they work with the government on national policies and are protectors of customary law. Within this traditional authority is a person of importance, particularly with the Astante, who is a Queen Mother. She is the biological mother or close relation to the chief and offers advice and counsel to him. Today they have many roles in their communities including being diplomats and mediators as well as overseeing the welfare of women and children in the community. Western style social work has been present in West Africa since the 1940’s and in the 1950’s the United Nations encouraged the continual development of social work education through Schools of Social Work in all of Africa. The Association of Social Work Educator’s in Africa (ASWEA), along with the Ghana Association of Social Workers (GASOW), were active from the 1970’s to the 1980’s in promoting social work in West Africa. Through the years of independence these groups organized seminars to deal with issues surrounding independence and social development. Social workers have been trained in Ghana since 1946 and work in government departments of the 3 Department of Social Welfare and the Department of Community Development as well as international and indigenous non-government organizations. The development of communities and the social welfare of children and women are of concern to social workers as well as to Queen Mothers. However little has been written concerning the relationship between traditional authority and social work practice in Ghana. In 2002, a group of social work researchers met for ten months to look at the indigenisation of social work curriculum in Ghana with a Queen Mother as part of this group. What emerged was an important dialogue between social workers and the Queen Mother concerning their roles in the community. The purpose of this article is to share this relationship between a group of social workers and a Queen Mother through a group process of Participatory Action Research (PAR). The interaction between these people shows similarities and differences in their roles, the importance of understanding each other’s roles as well as the potential for collaboration in research and development in communities. In order to better understand the interaction of these roles it is first necessary to examine the office of the Queen Mother and the history of the profession of social work in Ghanaian society. II. Background and role of Queen Mothers “It is when the chief has good councilors that his reign becomes peaceful” (Ghanaian proverb, Gyekye, 1996, p. 119). In pre-colonial Ghana, the king had an advisor, the Queen Mother, who watched the king’s behaviour, gave advice as to the candidates for a new king and was involved in marriage considerations (Obeng, 1988). Rattray (1929) describes the role of the Queen Mother as “the whisper behind the Stool” (p. 88). She was the next most important person in many pre-colonial states and other polities. In the eras 4 of the colonial and post-colonial states, these political systems became known as traditional authorities (Ray, 2003). Historically, the Asante Queen Mothers were very powerful; two good examples were Akyaawa Yikwan and Yaa Asantewaa. During the 1820’s and 1830’s, Akyaawa Yikwan “was a diplomat and negotiator in the Asante disputes with the British” (Brydon, 1996, p. 230). In 1900, Yaa Asantewaa led the Asante army against the British in the Kumasi Kingdom and elsewhere in the Asante Kingdom. However, this war was lost by the Asante Kingdom, and the British re-gained control over the Asante Kingdom (Brydon, 1996; Salm & Falola, 2002). The Queen Mother is the biological mother or close relation to the chief (Nukunya, 1992). A summary of her role was given at the International Chieftaincy Conference in Accra, Ghana in January 2004 by Boateng (2003), who gives his understanding of what should be the role of the Queen Mother in society. She is the number one royal in her lineage, can’t be the chief’s wife and she is the mother of the occupant of the stool, which means that in essence the stool belongs to her. She is a community social welfare officer. She makes sure everyone gets their resources fairly. She is a liaison officer between people and services. She is a role model for women and children and explains policies to them concerning their lives. She is involved in health education and keeps up with her own education in order to serve others. She encourages and helps women to be economically strong and gives advice as to how to raise children. She is a guidance counsellor to chiefs, parents and children. She supervises puberty rites or picks someone to supervise these rights. She can be a member of the Queen Mother’s Association who “lobbies traditional and political leaders in order to influence traditional and public policy in favour of women” (Fayorsey, 2003, p. 6). The court of the Queen Mother is a place in which social issues are brought to the attention of the court and sorted out there. “If you go and sit in the court of the Queen Mother, for example, a lot of the social issues will come up at that particular court. That is where you have the social issues coming up in an Akan set up. So 5 you sit there and just listen and you see how the matter is resolved, what mechanisms are being used and so on” (Sutherland Addy, 2003). Today the Ashanti Region continues a strong line of Queen Mothers, mainly due to its matrilineal society. Other ethnic groups, like the Ga and Ewe, do not have this strong leadership (Kludze, 2000). Ray (2000) states some important issues concerning the role of Queen Mothers in today’s Ghanaian society. “ The question of whether women can be chiefs, and if so, what type of chief, including Queen Mothers, has been a hotly debated issue in Ghana for sometime” (p. 8). Former Ghanaian president, Flight Lieutenant J. J. Rawlings and his advisors “were pushing for paramount Queen Mothers to be made members of those Regional House of Chiefs where such offices existed in the Region” (p. 9). This has yet to be achieved. They are “excluded from participation in decision- making bodies, like the Houses of Chiefs and the National House of Chiefs on the basis of their gender” (p. 10). This situation needs to be addressed, as Queen Mothers are extraordinary diplomats, mediators and community social workers and are very aware that they have a role in modernizing the traditional institution and becoming part of the National House of Chiefs. III. The Profession of social work Western social work Social work is a western-based profession that emerged from the United States and the United Kingdom at the end of the 1800’s. It is a profession that grew out of the need to offer assistance and support to a growing number of people who were not benefiting from the emerging capitalist society (Healy, 2001). Today, the international body of the social 6 work profession, the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), describes the role of social work for the 21st century as follows. The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.