TED STAT NI E U S Arsenic Treatment E Y N C V Technologies for N I R E O G N Soil, Waste, and Water A M E N N IO TA T L PROTEC Solid Waste EPA-542-R-02-004 and Emergency Response September 2002 (5102G) www.epa.gov/tio clu-in.org/arsenic Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. iv FOREWORD............................................................................... v NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER ................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................... vi PART I OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................1 - 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................2 - 1 2.1 Who Needs to Know about Arsenic Treatment Technologies? .........................2 - 1 2.2 Background ................................................................2 - 1 2.3 How Often Does Arsenic Occur in Drinking Water? ................................2 - 1 2.4 How Often Does Arsenic Occur at Hazardous Waste Sites? ...........................2 - 2 2.5 What Are the Structure and Contents of the Report?.................................2 - 4 2.6 What Technologies and Media Are Addressed in This Report? ........................2 - 4 2.7 How Is Technology Scale Defined? .............................................2 - 4 2.8 How Are Treatment Trains Addressed?...........................................2 - 5 2.9 What Are the Sources of Information for This Report?...............................2 - 5 2.10 What Other Types of Literature Were Searched and Referenced for This Report?..........2 - 5 2.11 References.................................................................2 - 6 3.0 COMPARISON OF ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ............................3 - 1 3.1 What Technologies Are Used to Treat Arsenic? ....................................3 - 1 3.2 What Technologies Are Used Most Often to Treat Arsenic? ..........................3 - 1 3.3 What Factors Affect Technology Selection for Drinking Water Treatment? ..............3 - 3 3.4 How Effective Are Arsenic Treatment Technologies? ...............................3 - 3 3.5 What Are Special Considerations for Retrofitting Existing Water Treatment Systems? ......3 - 4 3.6 How Do I Screen Arsenic Treatment Technologies? .................................3 - 4 3.7 What Does Arsenic Treatment Cost?.............................................3 - 6 3.8 References.................................................................3 - 6 PART II ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SUMMARIES PART IIA ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL AND WASTE 4.0 SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC ...................4 - 1 5.0 VITRIFICATION FOR ARSENIC.....................................................5 - 1 6.0 SOIL WASHING/ACID EXTRACTION FOR ARSENIC...................................6 - 1 7.0 PYROMETALLURGICAL RECOVERY FOR ARSENIC ..................................7 - 1 8.0 IN SITU SOIL FLUSHING FOR ARSENIC .............................................8 - 1 PART IIB ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO WATER 9.0 PRECIPITATION/COPRECIPITATION FOR ARSENIC...................................9 - 1 10.0 MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR ARSENIC...........................................10 - 1 11.0 ADSORPTION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC..........................................11 - 1 i 12.0 ION EXCHANGE FOR ARSENIC ....................................................12 - 1 13.0 PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR ARSENIC ..................................13 - 1 PART IIC ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL, WASTE, AND WATER 14.0 ELECTROKINETIC TREATMENT OF ARSENIC .......................................14 - 1 15.0 PHYTOREMEDIATION TREATMENT OF ARSENIC...................................15 - 1 16.0 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC..........................................16 - 1 APPENDICES APPENDIX A – LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTS............................................. A-1 APPENDIX B – SUPERFUND SITES WITH ARSENIC AS A CONSTITUENT OF CONCERN ........... B-1 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Arsenic Treatment Technology Descriptions ..............................................1 - 3 1.2 Summary of Key Data and Findings ....................................................1 - 4 2.1 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Media .................2 - 2 2.2 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Site Type ..............2 - 4 3.1 Applicability of Arsenic Treatment Technologies ..........................................3 - 9 3.2 Arsenic Treatment Technologies Screening Matrix ........................................3 - 10 3.3 Available Arsenic Treatment Cost Data.................................................3 - 15 3.4 Summary of Cost Data for Treatment of Arsenic in Drinking Water ..........................3 - 17 4.1 Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic...........................4 - 6 4.2 Long-Term Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic ................4 - 12 5.1 Vitrification Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic ......................................5 - 5 6.1 Soil Washing/Acid Extraction Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic ........................6 - 4 7.1 Pyrometallurgical Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic..................................7 - 4 8.1 In Situ Soil Flushing Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic................................8 - 4 9.1 Precipitation/Coprecipitation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.........................9 - 7 10.1 Membrane Filtration Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic ...............................10 - 5 11.1 Adsorption Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic......................................11 - 6 12.1 Ion Exchange Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic....................................12 - 5 13.1 Permeable Reactive Barrier Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic .........................13 - 6 14.1 Electrokinetics Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic ...................................14 - 5 15.1 Phytoremediation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.................................15 - 5 16.1 Biological Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic.......................................16 - 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Top Twelve Contaminants of Concern at Superfund Sites ...................................2 - 3 2.2 Number of Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies at Superfund Sites ..................2 - 4 3.1 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil and Waste ..........3 - 2 3.2 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Water .................3 - 2 ii LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 3.3 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water . 3 - 3 4.1 Binders and Reagents Used for Solidification/Stabilization of Arsenic for 21 Identified Superfund Remedial Action Projects.............................................................4 - 1 4.2 Scale of Identified Solidification/Stabilization Projects for Arsenic Treatment....................4 - 2 5.1 Scale of Identified Vitrification Projects for Arsenic Treatment...............................5 - 2 6.1 Scale of Identified Soil Washing/Acid Extraction Projects for Arsenic Treatment.................6 - 1 7.1 Scale of Identified Pyrometallurgical Recovery Projects for Arsenic Treatment...................7 - 1 8.1 Scale of Identified In Situ Soil Flushing Projects for Arsenic Treatment ........................8 - 1 9.1 Scale of Identified Precipitaition/Coprecipitation Projects for Arsenic Treatment .................9 - 2 10.1 Scale of Identified Membrane Filtration Projects for Arsenic Treatment .......................10 - 1 11.1 Scale of Identified Adsorption Projects for Arsenic Treatment...............................11 - 2 12.1 Scale of Identified Ion Exchange Projects for Arsenic Treatment.............................12 - 2 13.1 Scale of Identified Permeable Reactive barrier Projects for Arsenic Treatment ..................13 - 3 14.1 Scale of Identified Electrokinetics Projects for Arsenic Treatment............................14 - 3 15.1 Scale of Identified Phytoremediation Projects for Arsenic Treatment..........................15 - 2 16.1 Scale of Identified Biological Treatment Projects for Arsenic Treatment.......................16 - 2 iii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AA Activated alumina MF Microfiltration AC Activated carbon MHO Metallurgie-Hoboken-Overpelt ASR Annual Status Report mgd million gallons per day As(III) Trivalent arsenic, common inorganic form mg/kg milligrams per kilogram in water is arsenite, H3AsO3 mg/L milligrams per Liter As(V) Pentavalent arsenic, common inorganic - NF Nanofiltration form in water is arsenate, H2AsO4 BDAT best demonstrated available technology NPL National Priorities List BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and OCLC Online Computer Library Center xylene ORD EPA Office of Research and Development CCA Chromated copper arsenate OU Operable Unit CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Compensation, and Liability Act PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls CERCLIS 3 CERCLA Information System POTW Publicly owned treatment works CLU-IN EPA’s CLeanUp INformation system PRB Permeable