Constitutional LAW of INDIA (Part-II) (Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties, Civil Servants, Amendment of Constitution) [For LL.B Students of various Universities of India; and Civil/Judicial Services Aspirants] Dr. ASHOK K. JAIN LL.M; Ph.D (Delhi) Ascent Publications 21/29, Shakti Nagar, Delhi-110007 Copyright © 1996 - ASCENT PUBLICATIONS, Delhi. First Edition, 1996 Reprints with Supplements 2000,2006 & 2008 SECOND EDITION, 2009 [with Supplement 2010] Reprint 2012 Price : Rs. 150.00 All Rights Reserved No part ofthis work may be copied, reproduced, adapted, abridged or translated, stored in any computer or transmitted in any form by any means without prior written permission of the publishers. Published By Ascent Publications, 21/29, Shakti Nagar, Delhi. Printed at G.S. Offset, Delhi. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: GENERAL Historical Background 2 Restrictions or Suspension of Fundamental Rights 2 Classification of Fundamental Rights 3 Fundamental Rights Compared with Other Rights 4 Waiver of Fundamental Rights 5 Article 12 [Definition of State] 7 Otlxr Authorities 7 Recent Expansion of the Term ‘State’ by Judiciary 8 BCCI Not a State 12 International Crops Research Institute Not a State 14 Is Judiciary' included in the word ‘State’? 15 Summary: What is ‘State’ or Not? 15 Article 13 [Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights] 18 Application and Rules of Interpretation of Article 13 19 No retrospective effect 19 Doctrine of Severability or Separability 20 Doctrine of Eclipse 22 Art. 13 and the Terms ‘Law’and ‘Laws in Force' [A rt. 13(3)] 25 Article 31 [Right to Property and Saving of Certain Laws] 27 Art. 31A and Saving of Laws 27 Art. 31B: Validation of Certain Acts, etc. (9h Schedule) 28 Art. 31C: SavingofLaws giving effect to Directive Principles 29 Art. 31D 31 Article 33 [Power of Parliament to Modify F. Rights] 31 Article 34 [Restrictions on Fundamental Rights - Martial Law] 32 Article 35 [Legislation to Give Effect to Part III] 33 CHAPTER 2. RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLES 14-18) Article 14 [Equality before Law] 37 Article 14 permits Reasonable Classification but prohibits Class Legislation 38 Test of reasonable classification 39 A Single Individual may constitute a Class 41 Special Courts and Procedural Inequality 42 New Concept of Equality: Arbitrariness and Art. 14 47 Illustrative Cases on Art. 14 49 Article 15 [Prohibition of Discrimination against Citizens] 53 Provisos (or Exceptions) to Art. 15(1) and (2) 54 Article 16 [Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment] 55 Exceptions to Clauses (I) and (2) 56 Scope of Art. 16(1) ana Art. 16(4) 57 Protective Discrimination: A Facet of Equality 59 Reservations in Employment (The Mandal Case) 60 Creamy Layer 66 (»i) Constitutional Law o f India - II Subversion ofMandal Rule and. Apex Court’s Rescue Efforts ('Post- Mandal Developments) 66 fa) Non-following of Creamy Layer Rule 66 (b) Reservation in Promotions Permitted: Recent Amendments to Art. 16 68 fc) Catch-up Rule Negated 69 (a) Backlog Vacancies -‘Carry Forward Rule’ Diluted 69 Constitutional Validity ofResemition in Promotions (M. Nagaraj Case) 70 Constitutional Validity ofReseroationforOBCs in Educational Institutions (Asnoka Kumar Thakur Case) 74 No Sub-classification of Scheduled Castes 83 Reservation to Single Isolated Post 83 Reservation in Super Specialties 84 Reserved Category Candidates Competing in Open CaXegjry 84 Reservationfor Women: Legality 85 Marriage and Status of SC/ST 86 Article 17[Abolition of Untouchability] 87 Article 18 [Abolition of Titles] 88 CHAPTER 3. RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTICLE 19) Article 19(1) 97 Need for Restrictions on Freedoms 97 [Art. 19(l)(a)] [Freedom of Speech and Expression] 100 \a]Freedom of Speech and Expression and Press/Print 102,125-26 Right of the Convict to Erpress Himself and 19(!)(a) 105 \b]Ereedom of Speech and Expression and Electronic Media {Ads, Films, etc) 106 Commercial Advertisements 107 Compelled Speech when Permissible 107 Pre-Censorship and Exhibition of Films /08 Right to Reply 109 Right to Information 110 Trial by Press/ Media 112 [c],Freedom of Speed] and Expression and Demonstration 113 [a\ Freedom of Speed) and Expression and Furling ofNational Flag 113 [e] Freedom of Speed) and Expression and Voters’ Right to Know 113 [/] Freedom of Speech and Expression and Contempt ofCourt 114 Other Fun damental Freedoms 115 An. 19 (l)fb): Freedom to Assemble 115 Art. 19 (l)(c): Freedom of Association 116 Right to Strike 117 Art. 19 (l)(d) & (e): Freedom of Movement and Residence 118 No R ight to Call or Enforce BA NDFI 119 Art. 19 (l)(g): Freedom of Profession and Trade 120 CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES (ARTICLE 20) Article 20 [Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences] 129 [A] Art. 20 (I): Ex-Post Facto Law 129 [ZJ] A rt. 20(2): DoubleJeopardy 132 [QArt. 20(3): Protection against Self-Incrimination 134 CHAPTER 5. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21) Article 2 l[Protection of Life and Personal Liberty] 137 Personal Liberty:Meaningand Scope 138 Scope of ‘Personal Liberty’ (Maneka Gandhi Case) 139 Implied Fundamental Rights (Under Art. 21) 144 Right to Dignity 146 Right to Privacy 148 Right to Travel Abroad 150 Right to Food 150 Right to Marriage 151 Right to Livelihood (Right to Work) 151 Right to Shelter 153 Right to Speedy Trial 154 Right to Legal Aid 155 Right to Clean Environment 156 Right to Ediication[Art.21A1 158 Right to Medical Aid and Health 161 Right to Die 133 Right to Know 162 CHAPTER 6. Safeguards against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention (Article 22) Article 22 [Safeguards against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention] 169 \_A]Rights of Arrested Person under Ordinary Law 169 Arts. 21-22 and Police Atrocities: Custodial Violence 170 \E]PreventiveDetention Laws 173 Constitutional Safeguards 174 (a) Review by Advisory Board 174 ip) Composition and Procedure of Advisory Board 175 (c) Grounds of Detention and Representation 175 CHAPTER 7. RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLES 23-24) Articles 23-24 [Rights against Exploitation] 183 A rticle 23: Traffic in Human Beings, Begar, Forced Labour 18 3 Article 24:Prohibition on Employment of Children 186 CHAPTER 8. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLES 25-28) Secularism in India 188 Article 25 [Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession Practice and Propagation of Religion] 191 Restrictions on Freedom of Religion 192 Article 26 [Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs] 19b Religious Denominations 1% XVI Constitutional Law o f India - II Case Law: Arts. 25 and 26 199 Appointment of A rchakas (Pujan)/Priest 199 Right to Propagation and Religious Conversion 205 Right to Excommunicate 206 Article 27 [Freedom Not to Pay T axes for Religious Promotion] 207 Article 28 [Freedom Not to Attend Religious Instructions] 208 CHAPTER 9. RIGHTS TO MINORITIES (ARTICLES 29-30) Minorities 213 Article 29 [Protection of Interest of Minorities] 214 Article 30 [Right of Min orities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions] 216 Relationship Between Art. 29fl) and Art. 30(1) 217 Whether Minority Institutions nave a Fundamental Right to Affiliation 217 Power of Government to Regulate Minority run-Instituti ons 218 General Comments 228 CHAPTER 10. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (ARTICLE 32) Judicial Review: A Basic Feature 233 Article 32 [Right to Constitutional Remedies] 234 Importance of Art. 32/226 234 Res judicata and Art. 32 236 Laches/Delay and Art. 32 237 Locus Standi ana Public Interest Litigation (PIL) 238 Existence of Alternative Remedy anaArt. 32 242 Nature and Scope of Relief under Art. 32 242 Writs, Directions or Orders 242 Art. 32(3): Powers of the Supreme Court and Any Other Court 245 Art. 32(4): Suspension of Rights Conferred by Art. 32 245 CHAPTER 11. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (ARTICLES 36-51) Articles 36-51[Directive Principles] 246 Classification of tlx Directives 247 bnplementationand Utility of Directives 249 Uniform Civil Code 251 Article 51-A [Fundamental Duties] 252 Relation between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights 255 CHAPTER 12. CIVIL SERVANTS (ARTICLES 308-323) Art. 309: Power to Frame Recruitment Rules 259 Arts. 310-311: Doctrine of Pleasure & Constitutional Safeguards 262 Doctrine of Pleasure 262 Art. 311: Constitutional Safeguards to Civil Servants 264 Procedural Requirements of Art. 311(2) 266 Exceptions to Art. 3110: Exclusion of Inquiry and Opportunity ofbeingHeard 267 (a) Except ion I: Conviction on a Criminal Charge 267 (b) Exception II: Inquiry not Reasonably Practicable 270 (c) Exception III: Holding of Inquiry not Expedient in the Interest of Security of State 271 A rt. 311(3): Finality• Clause 275 Opportunity of Hearing at Punishing Stage [Proviso 1 to Art. 311(2)] 276 Right of Constitutional Law o f India - II v i i Government Empl oyees to go on Strike 278 All-India Services (Art. 312) 279 Public Sendee Commissions (Arts. 315-323) 280 CHAPTER 13. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION (ARTICLE 368) Art. 368: Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution 283 Are Fundamental Rights Amendable? 284 KeshavanandBbarati's case and Theory of Basic Structure 286 42nd Amendment and Doctrine ofBasic Structure 288 Power offudicud Review: A Basic Feature 290 Doctrine of Basic Features as it Stands Today 292,300 Judicial Review of Legislations included in Ninth Schedule 295 Scope of Amending Power of Parliament 298 A rticle368as it Stands Today 298 University of Madras v Shantha Bai 8 UOI v Asscn. for Democratic Reforms 113,114 UOI v Brij Lai Thakur 83 UOI v L.D. Balam Singh 31 UOI v Madhav 83 UOI v Mohd. Ramzan Khan 276,278 UOI v Motion Pictures Asscn. 107 UOI v Virpal Singh Chauhan 69 Upendra Baxi v State of U P. 146,239,245 Usha Mehta v State of Maharashtra 216 V VS. Kuttan Pillai v Ramakrishnan 136 Vellore Citizen's Welfare Forum v UOI 157 Vicihtra v UOI 293 Vikram Deo Singh Tomar v State of Bihar 146 Vinay Balachandra Joshi v Registrar General, Supreme Court 122 Virendra Kumar Srivastava v U P.