Indigenous Heritage and Tourism Theories and Practices on Utilizing the Ainu Heritage Mayumi OKADA Hirofumi KATO Editors Hokkaido University Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies 2014 Contents Chapter 1 : Aim and Implementation of the Research Project on Ainu and Indigenous Heritage and Tourism 1. Overview of the Research Project for Ainu and Indigenous Heritage and Tourism ………………………………………………………………Hirofumi Kato 2. Related publications Chapter 2 : Theories and Methods of the Project 1. Indigenous Heritage and Community−based Archaeology ………………………………………………………………Hirofumi Kato 2. Cultural Heritage and Archaeology at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site ………………………………………………………………Yu Hirasawa, Hirofumi Kato 3. Heritage Tourism and Indigenous Tourism ………Takayoshi Yamamura 4. Indigenous Tourism and Network Society/ICT ……Kyungjae Jang Chapter 3 : Case Studies 1. Views on the Roles of Guided Tours ………………Kozue Kadowaki, Kikue Harada 2. Issues regarding the Roles of Guided Tours ………………………………………………………………Takayoshi Yamamura, Shinobu Ueda 3. Chronicle of Events concerning the Development of Heritage Trails, Achievements and Related Challenges…………………………………………Kyungjae Jang, Takayoshi Yamamura 4. Report on Results of Questionnaire Surveys Conducted in the Utoro Area of Shari Town − Toward the Establishment of Relationships linking Archaeological Sites, Host Communities and Tourism at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site …Mayumi Okada 5. Sharing Research Results with Host Communities through Exhibitions ………………………………………………………………Mariko Ishioka, Ren Iwanami, Yu Hirasawa 6. Implementation of a Workshop-style Interactive Exhibition −Stone tool-making workshop in 2011 …………………………………………………………Yu Hirasawa Chapter 4 : International Symposium “Indigenous Heritage and Tourism −Potential in Hokkaido−” 1. Overview of International Symposium “Indigenous Heritage and Tourism −Potential in Hokkaido−” …………………………………………………Mayumi Okada 2. Why Indigenous Archaeology is Important as a Means of Changing Relationships between Archaeologists and Indigenous Communities …………Joe Watkins, George Nicholas 3. Public Archaeology: Cross Comparisons of Growth and Recommendations for the Future ………………………………………………………………Carol J. Ellick Chapter 1 Aim and Implementation of the Research Project on Ainu and Indigenous Heritage and Tourism 1. Overview of the Research Project for Ainu and Indigenous Heritage and Tourism − Case Studies in Sapporo, Noboribetsu and Shiretoko − Hirofumi Kato1 1. Introduction Cultural heritage resources (including movable and immovable property) are indispensable for preserving the history and culture of indigenous communities and passing them on to future generations. The effectiveness of raising awareness of these treasures through eco−tourism and other tourism−industry efforts has been highlighted in the context of promoting their utilization. Since the establishment of the Hokkaido University Center for Ainu & Indigenous Studies, research on eco−tourism involving Ainu people has been pursued as part of the center’s core activities. Against this background, it was decided that the center should implement the Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Research Project concerning Ainu and Other Indigenous People over a period of four years from FY 2008 to FY 2011 financed by the Special Funds for Education and Research initiative of Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The purpose of the project was to engage in broad international comparison of the history, culture, languages and rights of the Ainu and other indigenous people around the world. Based on this decision, the Indigenous Cultural Heritage and Tourism Working Group was also established as part of the project. This report represents the fruits of the four years of collaborative work conducted by the project team. Although examination and attempts were indeed made to develop model eco−tours and train guides under Ainu supervision during the project, the body’s name was changed from the Ainu Ecotourism Working Group to the Indigenous Heritage and Tourism Working Group to better reflect its activities during the planned research period. The change also resulted from consideration of overseas research collaborators’ areas of specialization and the possible future development of the project. 2. Project objective The objective of the project was to establish a program to turn a wide range of historical and cultural Ainu heritage components (e.g., landscapes, place names, historic sites and oral traditions) into sustainable cultural resources using various tourism techniques. The project plan 1 Professor at the Hokkaido University Center for Ainu & Indigenous Studies 5 therefore also covered theoretical studies on the relationships between tourism and the preservation/utilization of indigenous heritage around the world. Specifically, the implementation plans developed under the project can be categorized as follows: 1. Urban eco−tour trails 1) Planning of Heritage Tours at Hokkaido University Campus 2) Creation of guide pamphlets 3) Planning and implementation of the Ainu Tour Guide Training Program 2. Suburban eco−tour trails 1) Planning and implementation of eco−tour trails in collaboration with Sapporo Pirka Kotan 2) Planning and implementation of winter eco−tour programs 3. Heritage programs at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site 1) Planning and implementation of an Indigenous Archaeology Field School in Shiretoko 2) Planning and implementation of heritage tours in collaboration with local communities 4. Comparative studies on indigenous eco−tourism programs in other countries 3. Project implementation structure The project was implemented mainly by Hokkaido University Center for Ainu & Indigenous Studies (CAIS) as a collaborative research effort with Hokkaido University’s Center for Advanced Tourism Studies. In accordance with CAIS policy of promoting public research and collaboration with Ainu people, Ainu participation in the project was actively encouraged. The initiative was also implemented in collaboration with the Sapporo Branch of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido. 4. Status of implementation in each fiscal year 4−1. FY 2008 July: Shiretoko and Sapporo Campus Eco−tour following the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir 2008 (five overseas participants) September: Indigenous Archaeology Field School at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (with the participation of Prof. Joe Watkins and adjunct instructor Carol Ellick, both from the University of Oklahoma, and Prof. Gelya Frank from the University of Southern California) September: Exhibition at a michinoeki road station in collaboration with the Siperu Shiretoko Indigenous Eco−tour Workshop October: Eco−tour (for monitoring) to Sapporo Pirka Kotan (in collaboration with the Sapporo Branch of the Ainu Association of Hokkaido) January: Workshop on eco−tours on the Kauai Island by Prof. D. Burney, an instructor at the University of Hawaii (National Tropical Botanical Garden) March: Ainu Mata (winter) Tour to Sapporo Pirka Kotan 6 4−2. FY 2009 September: Indigenous Archaeology Field School at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (with the participation of Prof. Joe Watkins and adjunct instructor Carol Ellick, both from the University of Oklahoma, and Dr. Ulla Udagaad from the National Museum of Denmark) September: Exhibition at a michinoeki road station in collaboration with the Siperu Shiretoko Indigenous Eco−tour Workshop November: International Symposium on Indigenous Peoples and Natural Resources − AViewof Sustainable Use − (held in collaboration with the University of Auckland during the Hokkaido University Sustainability Weeks 2009 event) February: Development of the Shiretoko Audio Sightseeing Information System and related testing 4−3. FY 2010 July − February: Introductory Course on Ainu Eco−tours June: Ainu Eco−tour (for monitoring) in Sapporo July: Noboribetsu Ainu Place−name Tour September: Indigenous Archaeology Field School at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (with the participation of Prof. Joe Watkins and adjunct instructor Carol Ellick, both from the University of Oklahoma, Dr. Ulla Udagaad from the National Museum of Denmark and associate Prof. Ekatelina Lipnina from Irkutsk State University) September: Monitoring tour on the Shiretoko−Utoro Cultural Heritage Trail September: Exhibition at a michinoeki road station in collaboration with the Siperu Shiretoko Indigenous Eco−tour Workshop September: Workshop featuring Bob Sam (a Tlingit storyteller) October: Field Survey on eco−tours in Okinawa 4−4. FY 2011 May: Ainu Heritage Tour (for monitoring) in Sapporo September: Indigenous Archaeology Field School at the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (with the participation of Prof. Joe Watkins and adjunct instructor Carol Ellick, both from the University of Oklahoma) September: Monitoring tour on the Shiretoko−Utoro Cultural Heritage Trail September: Exhibition at a michinoeki road station in collaboration with the Siperu Shiretoko Indigenous Eco−tour Workshop 5. Reports on the achievements of each research plan This publication includes reports by Working Group (WG) members on research implemented over the study’s four−year period as well as materials concerning the guide system developed 7 under the project. In Chapter 2, the characteristics of indigenous cultural heritage and related problems are discussed from the viewpoints of archaeology and tourism along with the preservation and utilization of cultural heritage in collaboration with host communities. Specifically,