Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 1 2014, 34(3): 1-8 Adult population fluctuation of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Lep.: Tortricidae), in peach orchards of Çanakkale, Turkey * A. Özpinar, Ý. Özbek & A. Kürºat ªahin Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The study was conducted in eight different peach orchards in Central, Lapseki and Bayramiç districts of Çanakkale province. The adult population change of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Busck, was studied using pheromone traps. The species G. molesta was abundant in all sampling orchards between 2008 and 2009. The emergence of adults started from middle of April through November in both years. There was positive correlation between daily average temperature and the number of adults caught in the traps. Four to five flight periods were observed, throughout the season, in April, June, July, August and October. The adult population development curves suggest that the pest has four to five generations per year depending on the daily temperatures in early spring. We concluded that late cultivars would be more vulnerable to the pest because of the high number of adult moths in August and September. Key words: peach, Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, population development, Turkey Grapholita molesta (Lep.: Tortricidae) ƵŶǀƨģ ƶºƘƬƣơŚºƳŚģŹŵƺºƬƷƽŚºƷƙŚºŝŹŵ ƾƣźºƃƵƺºǀƯƵźěŜ ƃƪƯŚƧšřźƄůŢǀƘưūšŚƳŚſƺƳ ƶǀƧźţ ƲǀƷŚƃŢƃŹƺƧƾƬƗƹƦŝŻřƶƨƬƿřŹŚƴǀěŻřƾƬƗ Çanakkale Bayramiç Lapseki Central šřźǀǀƜţŶƃƭŚŬƳř ƱŚŤſř ƹ ƽŚƷƂ ŴŝŹŵƞƬŤŴƯƽƺƬƷƙŚŝŢƄƷŹŵƢǀƤŰţƲƿř Grapholita molesta Busck ŹŵƵźěŜ ƃƲƿřŶƃƾſŹźŝƾƳƺƯźƟƽŚƷƶ ƬţŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ ƾƣźƃƵƺǀƯƵźěŜ ƃƪƯŚƧšřźƄůŢǀƘưū ƪƯŚƧšřźƄůŹƺƸƓƩŚſƹŵźƷŹŵŢƃřŵŵƺūƹƾƳřƹřźƟƶŝŢƟźĭšŹƺƇƽŹřŵźŝƶ ƳƺưƳƶƧƾƿŚƷƙ ŚŝƭŚưţŹŵÏÍÍÖƹÏÍÍÕƽŚƷƩ Śſ ŚƷƶ ƬţŹŵƵŶƃŹŚƨƃƪƯŚƧšřźƄůŵřŶƘţƹƶƳřŻƹŹƽŚƯŵƎſƺŤƯƲǀŝƾŤŞŨƯƾĮŤƀŞưƷŢƟŚƿƶƯřŵřźŞƯřƺƳŚţƹŶƃƕƹźƃƪƿŹƹōƎſřƹřŻř ƽŚƷƾ ƴŰƴƯŽŚſřźŝŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯźŞŤƧřƹšƹřƽLJƺūƲŗƹĥƪƿŹƹōƽŚƷƵŚƯŹŵƽŻřƹźěƵŹƹŵŪƴěŚţŹŚƸģƪƈƟƩƺƏŹŵŢƃřŵŵƺūƹ ŵƺƃƾ Ưƽźǀĭƶ ŬǀŤƳŵŹřŵƩŚſŹŵƪƀƳŪƴěŚţŹŚƸģŢƟōƲƿřŹŚƸŝƪƿřƹřŹŵƶƳřŻƹŹƽŚƷŚƯŵƶŝƶŤƀŝƪƯŚƧšřźƄůŢǀƘưūƺưƳƹŶƃŹ ŵƺŝŶƴƷřƺųźţźƿŸěŜ ǀſōŢƟřƲƿřƶŝŢŞƀƳŽŹźƿŵƭŚƣŹřźŞƯŚŤĜſƹšƹřƽŚƷƵŚƯŹŵŚƷƵźěŜ ƃŵŚƿŻŵřŶƘţƪǀƫŵƶ ŝƶƧ Grapholita molesta ƶǀƧźţŢǀƘưūƺưƳƹŶƃŹ ƾƣźƃƵƺǀƯƵźěŜ ƃƺƬƷƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ Introduction Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Brazil (Cravedi, 2000; Peach is one of the most important stone fruits in Arioli et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2008; Ivanova et al., Turkey after apricot. Turkey is one of the top six 2008; Hari & Penzes, 2010) where its larvae damage to countries in the world by producing about 546 tons of the shoots and fruits of peach (Tomse et al., 2004; peach per year (Anonymous, 2011a). Çanakkale Hazýr, 2008; Poltronieri et al., 2008). The existence of province contributes significantly to economy by the pest has been widely recorded in all peach- producing 48 tons of peach for domestic consumption producing areas of Çanakkale province (Ergüden et al., and export (Anonymous, 2011b). Peach production 1999; Özpýnar et al., 2009). The larvae of OFM also mostly occurs in Lapseki, Bayramiç and Central attack other fruits including apricot, apple, pear, quince districts with respectively production rates of 74%, and plum (Reis et al., 1988; Hickel et al., 2003; Arioli 10% and 14% of the total production of Çanakkale et al., 2005; Anonymous, 2008). Recent expansion of province. orchards has led to a sharp increase in the population of Loss of peach production, due to diseases and G. molesta in Çanakkale province. Gençsoylu et al. pests, is estimated at the rates of 50 - 60% (Kýlýç et al., (2006), Hantaº & Çetin (2006), Hazýr (2008) and 2001). One of the most destructive pests of peach is Kovanci et al. (2009) investigated the control methods Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta Busck, of the pest in Turkey. Majority of Çanakkale’s peach (Lep.: Tortricidae), which is also a key pest in China, farmers prefer to use synthetic pesticides as an 2 Özpinar et al.: Adult population fluctuation of Oriental fruit moth, ... effective and economic method against the OFM, in the commercial orchards were based on the Peach although lack of knowledge about the biology of the IPM Program executed by the government. Climate pest usually causes unnecessary or untimely Data was obtained from the climate stations in Kepez applications of pesticides that lowers the efficiency of orchard of Central district, in Sacaklý village of the control program and leaves excessive chemical Bayramic district and in Umurbey orchard of Lapseki residue on fruits (Cravedi, 2000; II’ichev et al., 2004). district. Humidity data was not evaluated because it This study was aimed at determining the flight went beyond the threshold stated by Anonymous periods and changes in the population of the OFM, in (2009). The selected orchards were located close to Çanakkale. other orchards containing different cultivars of peach and nectarine. Phenological observations were made Materials and methods according to the early cultivars. The peach orchards of Lapseki, Bayramiç and Central districts of Çanakkale province were selected Results and discussion for their ecological and geographical situations during During the years 2008-2009 adult flight pattern 2008-2009. According to Özbek et al. (2008) the size and population growth rate of G. molesta was of 37% of the peach orchards in Çanakkale is less than investigated. The results for Dardanos and Kepez 2.5 acres. We chose five orchards in Central district, orchards were given in fig. 1. with various ecological properties, three ecologically Mean temperature was 13 °C and first adult flight similar orchards in Lapseki district, and one orchard in was recorded in Dardanos on 14 March, 2008. First Bayramic district (table 1). The orchards in Central and peak point was on 22 April with 98 individuals, which Lapseki districts were near seashore, while the orchard was followed by other peak points on 12 June (28 in Bayramic was located inland. Pheromone traps were adults), 19 August (38 adults) and 4 November (45 placed on branches at height of 1.5-2.0 m above the adults). The last adult was captured on 29 November. ground. Pheromone traps were installed in the orchards Total of four peak points were determined for th of Central district on 7 of March and in Lapseki and Dardanos in 2008. In the second year, no adults were th Bayramiç on 15 of March. The pheromone traps were collected because the daily mean temperature was “Pherocon” Delta VI type with lures containing Z-8- lower than 10 °C between 7-29 March. First adults Dodecenly acetate 0.10 mg/lure manufactured by Trece were captured on 31 March when temperature rose to Inc. 12.60-14.99 °C. There were four peak points on 12 We used one trap for orchards smaller than 1.25 May (21 adults), 12 June (19 adults), 4 August (21 acres and two traps for orchards bigger than 1.25 acres adults) and 4 September (12 adults). Our records show according to Anonymous (2011c). The traps were that flight started earlier in 2008 with a higher checked twice a week and pheromone lures replaced population. There was a negative correlation between every four weeks. In orchards with two traps, the average temperature and the number of adults in traps number of adults was calculated as the average of the in Kepez in 2008 (r = -0.19) and a positive correlation traps per week. in 2009 (r = 0.17). All orchards were commercially maintained, First adult flight in Kepez was determined on 14 being run by IPM programs except the collection March, 2008 with the rise of the daily mean orchard in Dardanos (in Central district) which temperature to 15-16 °C. The first peak point was contained Glohaven, Early Red, J. H. Hale, Blake, found with 41 adults on 22 April. Density of the pest Cresthaven, Dixired and Redhaven cultivars and was was low in May and the adult numbers increased to 26 free of insecticides for two years. The IPM applications in June and to 85 adults in July, which was the 2nd peak Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 2014, 34(3) 3 point. This orchard contained mid-early peach respectively. In the second year, first adults were cultivars. The adult numbers decreased and their flight captured on 31 March and the peak points were on 27 period ended in October because of two insecticide April, 26 June, 20 July and 31 August with 56, 26, 19 applications on 2 June and 12 July. In the 2nd year of and 35 adults, respectively. In the first year of the the study, the flight period started on 31 March and study, three insecticide applications were recorded on first peak point was found on 16 April with 14 adults. 19 March, 11 July and 4 August but there were no Other peak points were recorded on 23 June with 32 applications in the second year when the pest adults, 20 July with 37 and 25 August with 99 adults. population was higher. The correlation between There were a total of four peak points in 2009. The average temperature and number of adults in traps was flight period ended in October, after 2 insecticide positive for both years as r = 0.51 in 2008 and r = 0.15 applications on 5 June and 20 July. Population in 2009. development curves and flight pattern curves were In Umurbey orchard of Lapseki district, flight found to be similar in both years. The correlation started on 1 April 2008 and reached 46 adults on 24 between average temperature and number of adults in April. Flight reached peak points with 25 adults on 16 traps were positive in both years as r = 0.62 in 2008 June, 24 adults on 14 June and 80 adults on 18 August and r = 0.31 in 2009. (fig. 3). Flight decreased throughout September and In the peach orchard of Saraycýk village, first increased slightly on 14 October (13 adults) and ended flight was recorded on 24 March, 2008. Adult numbers in the middle of November. In the second year of the rose to 135 on 22 April and ended on 5 June. The flight study, flight started late March and reached to peak period restarted on 19 June and reached to 40 adults. points on 27 April,, 12 July, 24 July and 28 August Adult number remained at the same level throughout with 14, 43, 52 and 72 adults, respectively.