Open Science, open issues Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT) Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology Director of IBICT Cecília Leite Oliveira Coordinator of Education and Research in Information Science and Technology Lena Vania Ribeiro Pinheiro Coordinator of Editing Ramón Martins Sodoma da Fonseca Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Unirio) Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro Rector Luiz Pedro San Gil Jutuca Coordination of Distance Learning Giane Moliari Amaral Serra Ludmila dos Santos Guimarães Open Science, open issues Edited by Sarita Albagli Maria Lucia Maciel Alexandre Hannud Abdo 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed . Translation Maria Cristina Matos Nogueira Sandra Cristina Possas Copydesk and text revision Cândida Leite Georgopoulos Isabel Vitória Pernambuco de Fraga Rodrigues Text normalization Ilce Gonçalves Milet Cavalcanti Cover Adriana Ballesté Editing Assistant Helena Antunes Faia C569 Open Science, open issues / [edited by] Sarita Albagli, Maria Lucia Maciel and Alexandre Hannud Abdo . – Brasília: IBICT; Rio de Janeiro: Unirio, 2015. 292 p. ISBN 978-85-7013-110-2 eISBN 978-85-7013-111-9 1. Information Science. 2.Political Science. 3. Citizenship. 4.Scientific data . I. Albagli, Sarita. II. Maciel, Maria Lucia. III. Abdo, Alexandre Hannud. IV. Título. CDD 020 IBICT – Instituto Brasileiro de Unirio – Universidade Federal Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro SAS, Quadra 5, Bloco H, Lote 6, Avenida Pasteur, 296 – Urca 70070 – Brasília/DF - Brasil 22290-240 – Rio de Janeiro/RJ – Brasil Foreword This book brings contributions by researchers from different areas and a wide range of countries, including Brazil, who have a significant role and reflection in the field of open and collaborative science. The topic of open science is gaining ground not only within institutional environments for science, technology and innovation, but also in other contexts that, until now, were kept apart from these activities. As a result, it is mobilising other social groups as interlocutors of scientific practices. In turn, the resulting transformations in the relations between science, technology and society integrate the new dynamics of production and circulation of knowledge as well as the new role played by these dynamics in contemporary processes of social participation and change. It is hoped that this publication will provide an overview of topics and issues that both trace and permeate the topic of open science nowadays from different perspectives and points of view. Above all, it is hoped that it might instigate further reflection and foster new ways of producing and circulating knowledge. Thus, it is geared not only towards the academic world, but also to a broader range of social actors that concern themselves with the democratisation of knowledge and information. The book is inspired by the results of the discussions held during the International Seminar “Open Science, Open Questions”1 that took place in Rio de Janeiro in 2014. The Seminar was organised by: the Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology (IBICT), Open Knowledge Brasil (OKBr), the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Unirio) and the Interdisciplinary Laboratory for the Study of Information and Knowledge (Liinc). We would like to thank Ibict, Unirio, the Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), the National Research Network (RNP), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes) and the Carlos Chagas Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) for the material and financial support that made this event possible. The editors 1 The programme, presentations and links to videos of the International Seminar are availa ble at http://www.cienciaaberta.net/encontro2014/ Contents 1 Open science in question ..............................................................................9 Sarita Albagli 2 Ways of science: public, open, and commons .................................27 Antonio Lafuente e Adolfo Estalella 3 Open science: revolution or continuity? .............................................59 Alessandro Delfanti e Nico Pitrelli 4 The road less travelled: optimizing for the unknown and unexpected... impacts of research ............................................................69 Cameron Neylon 5 What is open and collaborative science and what roles could... it play in development? ..................................................................87 Leslie Chan, Angela Okune e Nanjira Sambuli 6 Citizen science: modes of participation and informational activism ................................................................................................................113 Henrique Z.M. Parra 7 Open source hardware (OSHW) for open science in the global south: geek diplomacy? .............................................................133 Denisa Kera 8 Open science: from hypertexts to hyperobjects .........................157 Rafael Peretti Pezzi 9 Open data and open science .............................................................189 Jorge Machado 10 Distance education at tertiary level, open university and citizen science: the challenge of differences ...............................215 Ludmila dos S. Guimarães 11 Why open notebook science? An approach to Jean-Claude Bradley´s ideas ................................................................241 Anne Clinio 12 Guidelines for a contemporary, open academia .......................269 Alexandre Hannud Abdo About the authors...........................................................................................289 1 Open science in question Sarita Albagli The movement for open science must be considered within the context of the social movements that have emerged in the scenery of the changing conditions of production and circulation of information, knowledge and culture, and that have destabilised existing epistemological and institutional frameworks. We propose to reflect on the challenges that these changes present to scientific dynamics, its values and practices, as well as on the new perspectives required to best understand and cope with these challenges. Open science is here understood as a process, something under construction, that mobilises different interests and points of view which are, in some respects, antagonistic. It also allows for multiple (and sometimes conflicting) interpretations. This chapter proposes to reflect on the open science movement from two major perspectives. One of them refers to the existing tension between the socialisation of knowledge, information and culture on the one hand, and its privatisation on the other (albagli; maciel, 2011). We believe this to be one of the main areas of conflict and struggle that permeate the so-called network or information society (castells, 1999), digital capitalism (schiller, 2011) or yet cognitive capitalism (moulier boutang, 10 Sarita Albagli 2007). We start from the premise that these different forms of appropriation (social or private) constitute the antagonism characterising the present information in science and technology (S&T) regime (albagli; maciel, 2012). The other perspective concerns the scope of the meaning of open science. At present, this issue expands or better, transcends, the so-called scientific field (bourdieu, 2004), encompassing the greater porosity of science and its dialogue with other social segments and other types of knowledge in the context of the broad spectrum of possibilities and spaces for producing knowledge. Open science approaches imply overcoming the perspective of thinking about science based on its intrinsic productivity. They also imply the overthrowing of hierarchies, of established sources of authority and of reputation, moving the focus to the relationship between science and power and, from a broader perspective, to the relationship between knowledge and power. Whatever the case, this is, from the start, a debate and a struggle at the level of significations which are invested with a straightforward political character and which lie at the core of the construction of democracy nowadays. The chapter presents the framework of conflicts and contradictions surrounding proprietary and open knowledge; it situates and characterises the open science movement in this context; it discusses the ethical-political dilemmas presented by this movement; finally, it points out the challenges to institutions in attempting to cope with these transformations. CLASHES IN THE FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE Since the final decades of the 20th century, the obsession with intellectual property has led to the expansion of the mechanisms of private appropriation of intellectual and cultural production, both broadening and deepening market capitalism relations to include Open science in question 11 areas that, up to that moment, were a social preserve. The system for protecting intellectual property rights (IPR) rests on a theoretical narrative and on a discursive system that seek to legitimise property rights tout court. “In one sense, the dynamics of enclosure is the expansionary dynamics of capitalism itself” (may, 2010, p. 13). The toughening of the protection of IPR conferred prominence to the character of the individual author, disregarding the