Unit 2 Chapter 3 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 1 Unit 3 – Objectives Learn various methods of locating places on maps. R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 2 Unit 3 – The Words Compass Point Latitude Compass Rose Longitude Compass Bearing Prime Meridian Alphanumeric Grid Global Positioning Map Grid System (GPS) Easting Time Zone Northing Standard Time International Date line Daylight-saving Time R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 3 Unit 3 – Locating Places on a Map Compass Points – Usually refers to the 16 different points on a compass e.g. N, S, SW, etc. Four main compass points are the “cardinal” points The next (secondary) points are the “ordinals” All other compass points are sub-divisions of the ordinals R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 4 Compass Points and Bearings Compass Rose – Features the compass points in diagram form Note: Atlases usually avoid using a compass rose due to their grid design Compass Bearing – Using “degrees” with values of 0° to 360°, to more accurately determine position Note: 0° & 360° are the same position R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 5 Compass Points and Bearings www.gisnet.com/notebook/comprose.html R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 6 Compass Points revisited Principal Points aka “Cardinal” Points = North, South, East and West Secondary Points aka “Ordinal” Points = Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Northwest R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 7 Compass Rose vs. Compass Bearings R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 8 Compass Points revisited More subdivisions (8): North Northeast, East Northeast, East Southeast, South Southeast, South Southwest, West Southwest, West Northwest and North Northwest Even more subdivisions (16): North by East, Northeast by North, Northeast by East, East by North, East by South, Southeast by East, Southeast by South, South by East, South by West, Southwest by South, Southwest by West, West by South, West by North, Northwest by West, Northwest by North, North by West R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 9 The 32 Compass Points Point Direction Azimuth Point Direction Azimuth 0 North 0° - 0‘ 16 South 180° - 0‘ 1 N by E 11° - 15‘ 17 S by W 191° - 15‘ 2 NNE 22° - 30‘ 18 SSW 202° - 30‘ 3 NE by N 33° - 45‘ 19 SW by S 213° - 45‘ 4 NE 45° - 0‘ 20 SW 225° - 0‘ 5 NE by E 56° - 15‘ 21 SW by W 236° - 15‘ 6 ENE 67° - 30‘ 22 WSW 247° - 30‘ 7 E by N 78° - 45‘ 23 W by S 258° - 45‘ 8 East 90° - 0‘ 24 West 270° - 0‘ 9 E by S 101° - 15‘ 25 W by N 281° - 15‘ 10 ESE 112° - 30‘ 26 WNW 292° - 30‘ 11 SE by E 123° - 45‘ 27 NW by W 303° - 45‘ 12 SE 135° - 0‘ 28 NW 315° - 0‘ 13 SE by S 146° - 15‘ 29 NW by N 326° - 15‘ 14 SSE 157° - 30‘ 30 NNW 337° - 30‘ 15 S by E 168° -45‘ 31 N by W 348° - 45' 16 South 180° - 0' R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 10 Grid Systems Three Types: Alphanumeric, Map (Military) Grid, and Latitude and Longitude Alphanumeric Grid Uses Letters and Numbers to identify location/s Letters are on one side of the map (and often on the side just opposite) while numbers run along the other (one or two) sides Road maps usually use this design R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 11 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 12 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 13 Application – Alphanumeric Practice Use Winkler Map and plot all the businesses Do all questions on page 30 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 14 Grid Systems Map Grid (aka Military Grid) Uses blue grid lines Used on topographic maps Four-Digit Grid Reference “Read Right Up” (RRU) aka “Through the Door and up the Stairs” Vertical Lines are the “easting” (two-digits) – read the grid from left to right of the easting, until the next column begins Horizontal Lines are the “northing” (two digits) – read grid from bottom to top of the northing, until the next row above R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 15 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 16 Application – Four-digit Grids Do Question 1 near the top of page 31 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 17 Grid Systems Six-Digit Grid Reference RRU Divide individual four-digit grid squares into 10 even spaces to further specify location within a square These “10ths” of a grid, provide an additional digit for both the easting and the northing – e.g. If the original grid was 8710, then 875102 would mean that the location is ½ way between columns 87 and 88, and the 102 would indicate that the location is at northing 10 and 2/10ths closer to northing 11 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 18 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 19 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 20 Application – Six-digit Grids and Putting it all together Do Question 1 in the middle of Page 31 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 21 Application – Six-digit Grids and Putting it all together Complete the Brandon Topographic Map Study with your “study buddy”– Pages 33-34 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 22 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 23 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 24 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 25 Grid Systems Latitude and Longitude – Divides the entire Earth into squares to provide a type of location “address” 0° Latitude and 0° Longitude are in the Gulf of Guinea – Geographic center of the world Recorded as angles and are based on the center of the Earth R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 26 Grid Systems Latitude runs north and south from the equator 0° to 90° north and 0° to 90° south Therefore, 180° in total 111km apart Latitude is always stated first R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 27 Grid Systems Longitude Aka “Meridians” of longitude East and west of the “Prime Meridian” Lines meet at both poles Are 0° to 180° east and 0° to 180° west of the Prime Meridian R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 28 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 29 Grid Systems Arctic Circle (66° 33' 38" N) Tropic of Cancer (23° 26' 22" N) Equator (0° N a/o 0° S) Tropic of Capricorn (23° 26' 22" S) Antarctic Circle (66° 33' 38" S) R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 30 Northern Solstice By Tauʻolunga - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=927625 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enlih8M5DN0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVDCsXUygEw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=To-oFiyd6Dc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jHsq36_NTU R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 31 By I, Dennis Nilsson, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3262268 Northern Solstice By Tauʻolunga - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=927625 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 32 Northern Solstice By Tauʻolunga - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=927625 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 33 Southern Solstice By Tauʻolunga - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=927625 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 34 Southern Solstice By Tauʻolunga - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=927625 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 35 Application – Latitude and Longitude Take a trip around Canada – Pages 35-36 R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 36 Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS Identifies location according to the longitude and latitude grid Works day and night Uses satellite tracking to determine location Can be applied to numerous devices to trace activity Works via “triangulation” in which three satellites are required to measure the output signal of the GPS Unit R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 37 GPS www.howstuffworks.com/gps.htm R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 38 GPS Trilateration Basics When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth- orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else. R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 39 GPS Each 3-4,000 pound solar powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky. R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 40 GPS A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration. Trilateration in three-dimensional space can be a little tricky, so we'll start with an explanation of simple two-dimensional trilateration. R. Schroeder Geo 20G - Unit 2 - Chapter 3 41 GPS – 2D Trilateration Imagine you are somewhere in the US and you are TOTALLY lost – for whatever reason, you have absolutely no clue where you are.