The Memory Revolution Meets the Digital Age Red Army Soldiers Remember World War II by Iva Glisic and Mark Edele* This essay analyzes iremember.ru – an open-access oral history collection containing more than 2,500 interviews with Soviet veterans of the Second World War. Launched in 2000 as a small grassroots project, it soon received state backing and grew into a vital element of Russia’s contemporary memory landscape. The essay examines the origins of this project and its value as a historical source; just as well, it explores its evolution and the curious role it plays in contemporary Russian memorial culture. Bringing together history, memory studies, and the study of contemporary politics, the essay argues that iremember.ru provides important insights into both the Soviet experience of the Second World War and the forces that shape political discourse in Russia today. Military life for young infantry recruit Daniil Zlatkin began on July 3, 1941. After several months of intense training, and narrowly avoiding a death sentence after being accused of stealing potatoes to supplement his meagre food rations, Zlatkin found himself boarding a railroad boxcar (teplushka) with “sixty to eighty” other men on a journey to an unknown destination.1 They would disembark to the sounds of gunfire and explosions in the village of Myshkino, near Borodino, some 150 kilometers west of Moscow – a village whose name would remain with Zlatkin for the rest of his life. That evening, a sergeant (starshii serzhant) summoned the new arrivals and demonstrated the workings of the Degtyaryov machine gun. In concluding his lesson, the sergeant asked the men to confirm that they understood how the device * Research and writing were made possible in part by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant (DP130101215) and an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT140101100). The School of Historical and Philosophical Studies (SHAPS) at the University of Melbourne provided travel funds for a meeting of the authors. Earlier versions were presented at the SHAPS History Brown Bag Seminar on May 3, 2018 and at the Manchester-Melbourne Workshop “Memories of War in Post-Socialist Space before and after Crimea” (June 26/27, 2018), a workshop supported by the Manchester- Melbourne Humanities Consortium Fund. If not otherwise indicated, all translations by the authors. To transliterate Russian text we use the simplified Library of Congress transliteration system. See http://www.text-transliterator.com/about.html. 1 Zlatkin Daniil Fedorovich, http://iremember.ru/memoirs/pekhotintsi/zlatkin-daniil- fedorovich/. Teplushka is a convoy of converted boxcars. Leslie Page Moch and Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Broad Is My Native Land. Repertoires and Regimes of Migration in Russia’s Twentieth Century, Ithaca 2014, p. 7. On transportation of soldiers in teplushka see the interview with Artem Arshakovich Dzhesmedzhiian, http://iremember.ru/ memoirs/minometchiki/dzhesmedzhiyan-art-m-arshakovich/. Geschichte und Gesellschaft 45. 2019, S. 95 – 119 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Gçttingen 2019 ISSN (Printausgabe): 0340-613X, ISSN (online): 2196-9000 96 Iva Glisic and Mark Edele worked; “Understood!” everyone yelled, but Zlatkin was sure that none of them really understood a thing. Soon they found themselves on the battlefield, under enemy fire. Zlatkin felt that each and every bullet was aimed directly at him and him alone. Suddenly aware of the full weight of equipment he was saddled with, including a machine gun barrel (stvol), a rifle, a duffel bag (veshchmeshok), a gasmask, and an axe – 32 kilograms in total – he was overcome with weakness and fell to his knees. Yetjust as had he accepted his fate, Zlatkin felt a revolver at the back of his head and heard his captain screaming at him: “Scoundrel, forward! For the Motherland! For Stalin!” Managing to stand, he joined the cry of “Forward!” and started to run across a field littered with the bodies of the fallen. He looked up to see the sky thick with German planes, and in a moment of shock he tripped and fell again, still screaming “Forward! For the Motherland! For Stalin!” Before he could stand, he felt a blow to his right arm and lost consciousness. This was his first battle. It was October 15, 1941. Historians and students of the Second World War will recognize many of the elements of Zlatkin’s story.2 His experience evokes themes that arise in discussions of the Soviet Union’s initial response to the German advance in the summer of 1941, from an unprepared and disoriented rank and file forced to obey foolhardy orders, to the incredible loss of life on battlefields that Soviet veterans would describe as “mince grinders” (miasorubka).3 Subsequent episodes of his story also follow a familiar narrative. Regaining consciousness, Zlatkin noticed that he had only his footwraps on, as someone from the advancing army had taken his boots. Two of his right-hand fingers were injured. He had no first aid kit, and the liquid within his gasmask that he might have used to disinfect his wounds had vanished well before he had even reached the frontline – like most soldiers, he had passed it through a filter of cement and coal, before drinking it for its alcohol. Yet Zlatkin managed to patch himself up and obtain a new pair of boots, as well as a coat and some food and water from the surrounding corpses. Together with a fellow soldier who he found alive among the piles of dead bodies, Zlatkin miraculously walked his way out of the encirclement. After enduring Soviet interrogation – the fate of anyone who managed to return from the German occupied territories – he continued to serve until May 1946. Zlatkin’s account of what would come to be 2 See, among others, David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, When Titans Clashed. How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, Lawrence 1995; E. S. Seniavskaia, 1941–1945. Frontovoe pokolenie. Istoriko-psikhologicheskoe issledovanie, Moscow 1995; Constantine Plesha- kov, Stalin’s Folly. The Tragic First Ten Days of WorldWar II on the Eastern Front, Boston 2005; David Glantz, Colossus Reborn. The Red Army at War, 1941–1943, Lawrence 2005; Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War. Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945, New York 2006; Roger Reese, Why Stalin’s Soldiers Fought. The Red Army’s Military Effectiveness in World War II, Lawrence 2011; Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East. The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945, London 20162. 3 Fedorovich Stepan Georgievich, http://iremember.ru/memoirs/infantrymen/fedorovich- stepan-georgievich/. Geschichte und Gesellschaft 45. 2019, S. 95 – 119 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Gçttingen 2019 ISSN (Printausgabe): 0340-613X, ISSN (online): 2196-9000 Red Army Soldiers Remember World War II 97 called the “Great Patriotic War” can be read in full at the website Ia pomniu (iremember.ru), one of the largest online collections of oral history pertaining to the Soviet wartime experience.4 This collection contains more than just the standard stories. When the war broke out, Mikhail Sidorov was serving with border troops stationed in the Far East.5 Within a fortnight of Vyacheslav Molotov’s announcement that Germany had attacked the Soviet Union, Sidorov was sent on a mission to build an outpost on Ratmanov Island (otherwise known as Big Diomede), a 45 square kilometer rectangle in the middle of the Bering Strait, located just four kilometers from the closest American-held territory of Kruzenshtern Island (or Little Diomede). With the war against Germany gathering pace and Soviet sea ports in the west either blocked or vulnerable to air strikes, the path to the Pacific Ocean offered a critical channel of communication with the allies. Nearly half of the tonnage of Lend-Lease aid delivered throughout the war went to Vladivostok, on ships crewed by Soviets and flying the Red flag. Another quarter each came via the Northern route from Britain to Murmansk and the Persian route through Soviet-occupied Iran. Only a small share – about three percent of all deliveries – came through the Arctic route. It began in the Pacific but instead of going straight to Vladivostok, it headed north, through the Bering Strait and all along the Arctic coast to Murmansk. It was this route Sidorov was defending.6 Sidorov was an experienced border guard, who had previously helped to secure the new border in Western Ukraine following Stalin and Hitler’s division of Poland in September 1939. The cast of his island tales is the ten soldiers, two commanders and five dogs who had been designated as his command, the four civilians responsible for manning the polar station, along with Sidorov’s wife, Margarita Dmitrievna, and their 4 Another major collection is the lavishly funded Blavatnik Archive, which resides in a Manhattan tower overlooking Central Park. With a focus on oral history by Jewish Red Army soldiers, the Blavatnik Archive makes a small number of interviews available as video clips: http://www.blavatnikarchive.org. It has also published one book: Julie Chervinsky et al. (eds.), Lives of the Great Patriotic War. The Untold Stories of Soviet Jewish Soldiers in the Red Army during WWII, vol. 1, New York 2011. Though much smaller in scope, Facing Stalingrad is another important online collection containing interviews with Soviet and German veterans who participated in the Battle of Stalingrad: https://facingstalingrad.com. Historian Jochen Hellbeck created the website as part of his book project: Jochen Hellbeck, Stalingrad. The City that Defeated the Third Reich, New York 2015. The online project War Witness: Heritage, developed by state-funded Russian international television network RT (formerly Russia Today) contains around 100 video clips of short interviews with Soviet veterans: http://catalog.rt.com/en/series/ war-witness-heritage/. 5 Sidorov Mikhail Nikolaevich, http://iremember.ru/memoirs/nkvd-i-smersh/sidorov- mikhail-nikolaevich/.