ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.A. [History] I - Semester 321 12 TAMIL CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE UP TO 1336 A.D. Authors Narasimhan C.Sekar, Former Visiting Faculty for Bankers’ Quotient at Coimbatore and Columnist & Article Writer for Leading Newspapers Units: (1-9, 11-14) Vikas Publishing House: Unit: (10) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. 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LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Tamil Civilization and Culture up to 1336 A.D. BLOCK - I: PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Unit-1: Geographical Features of Tamilnadu-Sources- Unit 1: Archaeological and Archaeological Sources-Literary Sources-Foreigner Diary. Literary Sources of Tamil History Unit-2: Palaeolithic Culture-Neolithic Culture-Megalithic Culture. (Pages 1-16); Unit-3: Sangam Age and Classical Literature-Tamil Powers of the Unit 2: Cultural Tamil Nadu (Pages 17-24); Sangam Age-Socio-Economic and Religious Condition. Unit 3: Sangam Age and Unit-4: The Age of Kalabhras-Sources and Information-Spread of Classical Literature Jainism and Buddhism in Tamilagam Legacy of the Kalabhras. (Pages 25-41); Unit 4: The Kalabhras (Pages 42-53) BLOCK - II: AGE OF EMPIRES Unit-5: Origin of Pallavas-Sources of Information-Early Pallavas- Unit 5: The Pallavas-1 The Great Pallavas-Pallava-Chalukya Conflict. (Pages 54-70); Unit-6: Emergence of the Pallavas-Socio-Economic Condition-Art Unit 6: Emergence of and Architecture of the Pallavas Pallava Dynasty (Pages 71-87); Unit-7: Genesis of Bhakthi Movement-Causes-Bhakthi Saints- Unit 7: Bhakti Movement Saivism-63 Nayanmars-Appar-Sambandar-Sundarar and (Pages 88-102); Manikavasagar-Devaram-Thiruvasagam. Unit 8: Vaishnavism Unit-8: Vaishnavism-TwelveAlvars-Nalayirathivyaprabandam- (Pages 103-109) Thirupavai-Saivasiddhanta Agamas. BLOCK - III: LATTER EMPIRES AND FOREIGN VISITORS Unit-9: Pandyas of Madurai-Early Pandyas-Socio-Economic and Unit 9: Pandyas of Madurai Cultural Contribution. (Pages 110-117); Unit-10: Emergence of Chola Empires-Parantaka I-Raja Raja I- Unit 10: Chola Empire Rajendra I-Kulothunga I-Socio-Economic and Religious Condition- (Pages 118-137); Unit 11: The Later Pandyans Art and Architecture. (Pages 138-144) Unit-11: Emergence of Later Pandyas-Jatavarma Sundara Pandya I-MaravarmanKulasekar Pandya-Visit of Marcopolo-Socio Economic and Religious condition-Art and Architecture. BLOCK -IV: FORMATION OF SULTANATE AND CULTURAL HERITAGES Unit-12: Formation of Madurai Sultanate-Socio-Economic and Unit 12: Madurai Sultanate Cultural conditions During this Period. (Pages 145-154); Unit-13: Cultural Heritage Centres of Tamil Nadu-Mamallapuram- Unit 13: Cultural Heritage Kancheepuram, Thanjavur-Darasuram. Centre I (Pages 155-164); Unit-14: Gangaikondacholapuram-Sittannavasal-Pillayarpatti, Unit 14: Cultural Heritage Kudumiyanmalai-Madurai-Rameswaram. Centres II (Pages 165-176) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD UNIT 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY SOURCES OF TAMIL HISTORY 1-16 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Geographical Features of Tamil Nadu 1.3 Sources of Tamil Nadu History 1.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Words 1.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.8 Further Readings UNIT 2 CULTURAL TAMIL NADU 17-24 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Paleolithic Culture (Old Stone Age) 2.2.1 Mid Stone Age 2.3 Neolithic Culture 2.3.1 Metallic 2.4 Megalithic Culture 2.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Words 2.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.9 Further Readings UNIT 3 SANGAM AGE AND CLASSICAL LITERATURE 25-41 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 What is Sangam? 3.2.1 Classical Literature 3.2.2 The Sangam Span: (Sanga Kaalam) and the Social and Economic Practices 3.3 Tamil Powers of the Sangam Age: Socio-Economic and Religious Conditions 3.3.1 Cheras 3.3.2 Chola Kings 3.3.3 Pandya 3.3.4 Territorial Chieftains 3.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.5 Summary 3.6 Key Words 3.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.8 Further Readings UNIT 4 THE KALABHRAS 42-53 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 The Age of Kalabhras 4.2.1 Sources and Information on Kalabhras Rule 4.2.2 Historians' Views on the Kalabhra's Origin 4.3 Spread of Jainism and Buddhism in Tamilagam 4.4 Legacy of the Kalabhras 4.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Words 4.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.9 Further Readings BLOCK II: AGE OF EMPIRES UNIT 5 THE PALLAVAS-1 54-70 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 The Origin and Sources of Pallavas 5.2.1 Sources of Information 5.3 Early Pallavas 5.4 The Great Pallavas 5.5 Pallava-Chalukya Conflict 5.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.7 Summary 5.8 Key Words 5.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.10 Further Readings UNIT 6 EMERGENCE OF PALLAVA DYNASTY 71-87 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Emergence of the Pallavas 6.3 Socio-Economic Conditions 6.4 Art and Architecture of the Pallavas 6.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 6.6 Summary 6.7 Key Words 6.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.9 Further Readings UNIT 7 BHAKTI MOVEMENT 88-102 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Bhakti Movement: Genesis 7.3 Bhakti Movement: Causes 7.4 Saints: Saivism 7.5 63 Nayanmars 7.6 Appar 7.7 Sambandar 7.8 Sundarar 7.9 Manikavasagar 7.10 Thevaram 7.11 Thiruvasagam 7.12 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.13 Summary 7.14 Key Words 7.15 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.16 Further Readings UNIT 8 VAISHNAVISM 103-109 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Twelve Alwars 8.2.1 Nalayira Divya Prabhandam 8.2.2 Thiruppavai 8.2.3 Saivasiddantha Agamas 8.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.4 Summary 8.5 Key Words 8.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.7 Further Readings BLOCK III: LATTER EMPIRES AND FOREIGN VISITORS UNIT 9 PANDYAS OF MADURAI 110-117 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Early Pandyas 9.2.1 Social, Economic and Cultural Contribution 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 CHOLA EMPIRE 118-137 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Emergence of Chola Empire 10.2.1 Rulers of Chola Empire 10.2.2 The Central and Provincial Administration 10.2.3 Army and Warfare 10.2.4 Revenue System 10.2.5 Administrative Divisions 10.2.6 Local Self-government 10.3 Socio-Economic and Religious Condition 10.4 Art and Architecture 10.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.6 Summary 10.7 Key Words 10.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.9 Further Readings UNIT 11 THE LATER PANDYANS 138-144 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Emergence of Later Pandyans 11.2.1 Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I (1216-1238) 11.2.2 Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1239-1251) 11.2.3 Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I (1251-1268) 11.2.4 Maravarman Kulesekara Pandyan I 11.2.5 Socio-Economic and Religious Condition 11.2.6 Art and Architecture 11.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 11.4 Summary 11.5 Key Words 11.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 11.7 Further Readings BLOCK IV: FORMATION OF SULTANATE AND CULTURAL HERITAGES UNIT 12 MADURAI SULTANATE 145-154 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Formation of Madhurai Sultanate 12.3 Economic and Cultural Conditions 12.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 12.5 Summary 12.6 Key Words 12.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 12.8 Further Readings UNIT 13 CULTURAL HERITAGE CENTRE I 155-164 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Objectives 13.2 Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) 13.3 Kancheepuram (Kanchi) 13.4 Thanjavur (Tanjore) 13.5 Darasuram 13.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 13.7 Summary 13.8 Key Words 13.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 13.10 Further Readings UNIT 14 CULTURAL HERITAGE CENTRES II 165-176 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Objectives 14.2 Gangaikonda Cholapuram 14.2.1 Architecture 14.3 Sittannavasal 14.4 Pillayarpatti 14.5 Kudimiyanmalai 14.6 Madurai 14.7 Rameswaram 14.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 14.8 Summary 14.10 Key Words 14.11 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 14.12 Further Readings Introduction INTRODUCTION Tamil Nadu is a southern state of India.